See https://github.com/golang/wiki/blob/master/MinimumRequirements.md#amd64 Or it should be a USE flag, I do not know. Related page: https://devmanual.gentoo.org/eclass-reference/go-module.eclass/index.html
You can just set GOAMD64="v3" or so as fitting in make.conf, not much different than adding -march= in *FLAGS through that.
Oh, yes, thanks, I checked - app-shells/fzf built with this...
(if we really wanted this in the eclass, guess could deduce the feature level from *FLAGS like what qt6-build.eclass does for a workaround, but generally think it's best not assume what the user wants for cpu optimizations)