Since upgrading to 4.13.1, the settings made in the applet are not permanent. Specifically, I set the keyboard repeat delay to around 200 ms. This takes effect immediately in all places that accept keystrokes (e.g. Terminal). After a little while, the repeat delay (and repeat speed) will reset to a large value - closer to 1 sec. If I alt-tab back to the keyboard applet (which I can either leave open or closed), the settings will return to the way I set them. I don't see the sliders changing in the applet; I only notice their effect on my typing.
There's no package in the tree called xfce4-keyboard-settings.
Sorry about that. The package is xfce-base/xfce4-settings-4.13.1, and the process is /usr/bin/xfce4-keyboard-settings.
Digging in a bit more, this might be an X / nvidia problem. Alt-tabbing to keyboard-settings fixed it, but actually alt-tabbing to anything fixes it. If I run top, when things are 'ok', X is taking up about 30% of a cpu. perf record/report points to a lot of time spent in nvidia_drv.so. When things are bad, X is up to 100% of a cpu. There's an update to nvidia-drivers, so I'll see if that works. If things are still busted, I'll file a bug against nvidia-drivers or xorg. It doesn't look like it's related to XFCE.
You may also try a different GTK+ theme. 100% CPU use is something I experienced with GTK+3 as well. Switching to a different theme helped.