Strongswan cannot open certificates with caps enabled and non-root disabled. Merging with/without both caps/non-root works. After merging with caps enabled and non-root disabled: charon: 00[LIB] dropped capabilities, running as uid 0, gid 0 charon: 14[LIB] opening '/etc/ipsec.d/certs/server.pem' failed: Permission denied # ls -lad /etc/ipsec.d drwxr-x--- 11 ipsec ipsec 280 Mar 9 21:22 /etc/ipsec.d # ls -lad /etc/ipsec.d/certs drwxr-x--- 2 ipsec ipsec 80 Mar 9 09:10 /etc/ipsec.d/certs # ls -lad /etc/ipsec.d/certs/server.pem -rw-r--r-- 1 ipsec ipsec 1229 Mar 9 09:10 /etc/ipsec.d/certs/server.pem The root partition is mounted as: /dev/md1 on / type reiserfs (rw,user_xattr,acl) # emerge --info Portage 2.1.11.52 (hardened/linux/amd64, gcc-4.6.3, glibc-2.15-r3, 3.7.0-hardened x86_64) ================================================================= System uname: Linux-3.7.0-hardened-x86_64-Intel-R-_Xeon-R-_CPU_E5405_@_2.00GHz-with-gentoo-2.1 KiB Mem: 2053236 total, 205960 free KiB Swap: 4194300 total, 4193116 free Timestamp of tree: Tue, 12 Mar 2013 10:45:01 +0000 ld GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.22 app-shells/bash: 4.2_p37 dev-lang/python: 2.7.3-r2, 3.2.3 dev-util/pkgconfig: 0.27.1 sys-apps/baselayout: 2.1-r1 sys-apps/openrc: 0.11.8 sys-apps/sandbox: 2.5 sys-devel/autoconf: 2.69 sys-devel/automake: 1.9.6-r3, 1.11.6 sys-devel/binutils: 2.22-r1 sys-devel/gcc: 4.5.4, 4.6.3 sys-devel/gcc-config: 1.7.3 sys-devel/libtool: 2.4-r1 sys-devel/make: 3.82-r4 sys-kernel/linux-headers: 3.7 (virtual/os-headers) sys-libs/glibc: 2.15-r3 Repositories: gentoo ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="amd64" ACCEPT_LICENSE="* -@EULA" CBUILD="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-mtune=native -O2 -pipe" CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CONFIG_PROTECT="/etc /usr/share/openvpn/easy-rsa /var/bind" CONFIG_PROTECT_MASK="/etc/ca-certificates.conf /etc/env.d /etc/fonts/fonts.conf /etc/gconf /etc/gentoo-release /etc/revdep-rebuild /etc/sandbox.d /etc/terminfo" CXXFLAGS="-mtune=native -O2 -pipe" DISTDIR="/usr/portage/distfiles" FCFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" FEATURES="assume-digests binpkg-logs config-protect-if-modified distlocks ebuild-locks fixlafiles merge-sync news parallel-fetch protect-owned sandbox sfperms strict unknown-features-warn unmerge-logs unmerge-orphans userfetch xattr" FFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" LDFLAGS="-Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed" MAKEOPTS="-j4" PKGDIR="/usr/portage/packages" PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT="/" PORTAGE_RSYNC_OPTS="--recursive --links --safe-links --perms --times --compress --force --whole-file --delete --stats --human-readable --timeout=180 --exclude=/distfiles --exclude=/local --exclude=/packages" PORTAGE_TMPDIR="/var/tmp" PORTDIR="/usr/portage" PORTDIR_OVERLAY="" USE="acl amd64 berkdb bzip2 caps cli cracklib crypt cxx dri gdbm gpm hardened iconv justify mmx modules mudflap multilib ncurses nls nptl openmp pam pax_kernel pcre readline session sse sse2 ssl tcpd unicode urandom xattr zlib" ABI_X86="64" ALSA_CARDS="ali5451 als4000 atiixp atiixp-modem bt87x ca0106 cmipci emu10k1x ens1370 ens1371 es1938 es1968 fm801 hda-intel intel8x0 intel8x0m maestro3 trident usb-audio via82xx via82xx-modem ymfpci" ALSA_PCM_PLUGINS="adpcm alaw asym copy dmix dshare dsnoop empty extplug file hooks iec958 ioplug ladspa lfloat linear meter mmap_emul mulaw multi null plug rate route share shm softvol" APACHE2_MODULES="authn_core authz_core socache_shmcb unixd actions alias auth_basic authn_alias authn_anon authn_dbm authn_default authn_file authz_dbm authz_default authz_groupfile authz_host authz_owner authz_user autoindex cache cgi cgid dav dav_fs dav_lock deflate dir disk_cache env expires ext_filter file_cache filter headers include info log_config logio mem_cache mime mime_magic negotiation rewrite setenvif speling status unique_id userdir usertrack vhost_alias" CALLIGRA_FEATURES="kexi words flow plan sheets stage tables krita karbon braindump" CAMERAS="ptp2" COLLECTD_PLUGINS="df interface irq load memory rrdtool swap syslog" ELIBC="glibc" GPSD_PROTOCOLS="ashtech aivdm earthmate evermore fv18 garmin garmintxt gpsclock itrax mtk3301 nmea ntrip navcom oceanserver oldstyle oncore rtcm104v2 rtcm104v3 sirf superstar2 timing tsip tripmate tnt ubx" INPUT_DEVICES="keyboard mouse evdev" KERNEL="linux" LCD_DEVICES="bayrad cfontz cfontz633 glk hd44780 lb216 lcdm001 mtxorb ncurses text" LIBREOFFICE_EXTENSIONS="presenter-console presenter-minimizer" PHP_TARGETS="php5-3" PYTHON_SINGLE_TARGET="python2_7" PYTHON_TARGETS="python2_7 python3_2" RUBY_TARGETS="ruby18 ruby19" USERLAND="GNU" VIDEO_CARDS="fbdev glint intel mach64 mga nouveau nv r128 radeon savage sis tdfx trident vesa via vmware dummy v4l" XTABLES_ADDONS="quota2 psd pknock lscan length2 ipv4options ipset ipp2p iface geoip fuzzy condition tee tarpit sysrq steal rawnat logmark ipmark dhcpmac delude chaos account" Unset: CPPFLAGS, CTARGET, EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS, INSTALL_MASK, LANG, LC_ALL, PORTAGE_BUNZIP2_COMMAND, PORTAGE_COMPRESS, PORTAGE_COMPRESS_FLAGS, PORTAGE_RSYNC_EXTRA_OPTS, USE_PYTHON
