ffmpeg-4.3.3-vkcommandpool.patch

ffmpeg-4.3.3-vkcommandpool.patch (text/plain), 123.55 KB, created by Alfred Persson on 2023-04-03 23:52:52 UTC

From 216bf861d60344bd57cbe2a39c7e2513111c8554 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "System user; portage" <[e-mail]>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 01:50:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] ppatch

---
 libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c  |    2 +-
 libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c~ | 3386 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 3387 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c~

diff --git a/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
index 2e3faaa..806f233 100644
--- a/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
+++ b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ static void free_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
 
     av_freep(&cmd->queues);
     av_freep(&cmd->bufs);
-    cmd->pool = NULL;
+    cmd->pool = (VkCommandPool)0;
 }
 
 static VkCommandBuffer get_buf_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
diff --git a/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c~ b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c~
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e3faaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libavutil/hwcontext_vulkan.c~
@@ -0,0 +1,3386 @@
+/*
+ * This file is part of FFmpeg.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+ * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
+ * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * FFmpeg is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+ * Lesser General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License along with FFmpeg; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
+ */
+
+#include "config.h"
+#include "pixdesc.h"
+#include "avstring.h"
+#include "imgutils.h"
+#include "hwcontext.h"
+#include "hwcontext_internal.h"
+#include "hwcontext_vulkan.h"
+
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <xf86drm.h>
+#include <drm_fourcc.h>
+#include "hwcontext_drm.h"
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+#include <va/va_drmcommon.h>
+#include "hwcontext_vaapi.h"
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+#include "hwcontext_cuda_internal.h"
+#include "cuda_check.h"
+#define CHECK_CU(x) FF_CUDA_CHECK_DL(cuda_cu, cu, x)
+#endif
+
+typedef struct VulkanQueueCtx {
+    VkFence fence;
+    VkQueue queue;
+    int was_synchronous;
+
+    /* Buffer dependencies */
+    AVBufferRef **buf_deps;
+    int nb_buf_deps;
+    int buf_deps_alloc_size;
+} VulkanQueueCtx;
+
+typedef struct VulkanExecCtx {
+    VkCommandPool pool;
+    VkCommandBuffer *bufs;
+    VulkanQueueCtx *queues;
+    int nb_queues;
+    int cur_queue_idx;
+} VulkanExecCtx;
+
+typedef struct VulkanDevicePriv {
+    /* Properties */
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 props;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties mprops;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceExternalMemoryHostPropertiesEXT hprops;
+
+    /* Queues */
+    uint32_t qfs[3];
+    int num_qfs;
+
+    /* Debug callback */
+    VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debug_ctx;
+
+    /* Extensions */
+    uint64_t extensions;
+
+    /* Settings */
+    int use_linear_images;
+
+    /* Nvidia */
+    int dev_is_nvidia;
+} VulkanDevicePriv;
+
+typedef struct VulkanFramesPriv {
+    /* Image conversions */
+    VulkanExecCtx conv_ctx;
+
+    /* Image transfers */
+    VulkanExecCtx upload_ctx;
+    VulkanExecCtx download_ctx;
+} VulkanFramesPriv;
+
+typedef struct AVVkFrameInternal {
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    /* Importing external memory into cuda is really expensive so we keep the
+     * memory imported all the time */
+    AVBufferRef *cuda_fc_ref; /* Need to keep it around for uninit */
+    CUexternalMemory ext_mem[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    CUmipmappedArray cu_mma[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    CUarray cu_array[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    CUexternalSemaphore cu_sem[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+#endif
+} AVVkFrameInternal;
+
+#define GET_QUEUE_COUNT(hwctx, graph, comp, tx) (                   \
+    graph ?  hwctx->nb_graphics_queues :                            \
+    comp  ? (hwctx->nb_comp_queues ?                                \
+             hwctx->nb_comp_queues : hwctx->nb_graphics_queues) :   \
+    tx    ? (hwctx->nb_tx_queues ? hwctx->nb_tx_queues :            \
+             (hwctx->nb_comp_queues ?                               \
+              hwctx->nb_comp_queues : hwctx->nb_graphics_queues)) : \
+    0                                                               \
+)
+
+#define VK_LOAD_PFN(inst, name) PFN_##name pfn_##name = (PFN_##name)           \
+                                              vkGetInstanceProcAddr(inst, #name)
+
+#define DEFAULT_USAGE_FLAGS (VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT      |                 \
+                             VK_IMAGE_USAGE_STORAGE_BIT      |                 \
+                             VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |                 \
+                             VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT)
+
+#define ADD_VAL_TO_LIST(list, count, val)                                      \
+    do {                                                                       \
+        list = av_realloc_array(list, sizeof(*list), ++count);                 \
+        if (!list) {                                                           \
+            err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);                                             \
+            goto fail;                                                         \
+        }                                                                      \
+        list[count - 1] = av_strdup(val);                                      \
+        if (!list[count - 1]) {                                                \
+            err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);                                             \
+            goto fail;                                                         \
+        }                                                                      \
+    } while(0)
+
+static const struct {
+    enum AVPixelFormat pixfmt;
+    const VkFormat vkfmts[4];
+} vk_pixfmt_map[] = {
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GRAY8,   { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GRAY16,  { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GRAYF32, { VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_NV12, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_NV21, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_P010, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_P016, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_NV16, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_NV24, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_NV42, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P12, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV422P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV422P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV422P12, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV422P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV444P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV444P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV444P12, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUV444P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA420P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA420P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    /* There is no AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA420P12 */
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA420P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA422P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA422P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA422P12, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA422P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA444P,   {  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM,  VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA444P10, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA444P12, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_YUVA444P16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_BGRA,   { VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA,   { VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGB24,  { VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_BGR24,  { VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGB48,  { VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA64, { VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGBA64, { VK_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGB565, { VK_FORMAT_R5G6B5_UNORM_PACK16 } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_BGR565, { VK_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM_PACK16 } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_BGR0,   { VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_RGB0,   { VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM } },
+
+    /* Lower priority as there's an endianess-dependent overlap between these
+     * and rgba/bgr0, and PACK32 formats are more limited */
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_BGR32,  { VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32 } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_0BGR32, { VK_FORMAT_A8B8G8R8_UNORM_PACK32 } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_X2RGB10, { VK_FORMAT_A2R10G10B10_UNORM_PACK32 } },
+
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GBRAP, { VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GBRAP16, { VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM, VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GBRPF32, { VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT } },
+    { AV_PIX_FMT_GBRAPF32, { VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT } },
+};
+
+const VkFormat *av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(enum AVPixelFormat p)
+{
+    for (enum AVPixelFormat i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(vk_pixfmt_map); i++)
+        if (vk_pixfmt_map[i].pixfmt == p)
+            return vk_pixfmt_map[i].vkfmts;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int pixfmt_is_supported(AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx, enum AVPixelFormat p,
+                               int linear)
+{
+    const VkFormat *fmt = av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(p);
+    int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(p);
+
+    if (!fmt)
+        return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        VkFormatFeatureFlags flags;
+        VkFormatProperties2 prop = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2,
+        };
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties2(hwctx->phys_dev, fmt[i], &prop);
+        flags = linear ? prop.formatProperties.linearTilingFeatures :
+                         prop.formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
+        if (!(flags & DEFAULT_USAGE_FLAGS))
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+enum VulkanExtensions {
+    EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY = 1ULL <<  0, /* VK_EXT_external_memory_dma_buf */
+    EXT_DRM_MODIFIER_FLAGS     = 1ULL <<  1, /* VK_EXT_image_drm_format_modifier */
+    EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_MEMORY     = 1ULL <<  2, /* VK_KHR_external_memory_fd */
+    EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_SEM        = 1ULL <<  3, /* VK_KHR_external_semaphore_fd */
+    EXT_EXTERNAL_HOST_MEMORY   = 1ULL <<  4, /* VK_EXT_external_memory_host */
+    EXT_PUSH_DESCRIPTORS       = 1ULL <<  5, /* VK_KHR_push_descriptor */
+    EXT_HOST_QUERY_RESET       = 1ULL <<  6, /* VK_EXT_host_query_reset */
+
+    EXT_NO_FLAG                = 1ULL << 63,
+};
+
+typedef struct VulkanOptExtension {
+    const char *name;
+    uint64_t flag;
+} VulkanOptExtension;
+
+static const VulkanOptExtension optional_instance_exts[] = {
+    /* For future use */
+};
+
+static const VulkanOptExtension optional_device_exts[] = {
+    { VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,               EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_MEMORY,     },
+    { VK_EXT_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_DMA_BUF_EXTENSION_NAME,          EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY, },
+    { VK_EXT_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXTENSION_NAME,        EXT_DRM_MODIFIER_FLAGS,     },
+    { VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,            EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_SEM,        },
+    { VK_EXT_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HOST_EXTENSION_NAME,             EXT_EXTERNAL_HOST_MEMORY,   },
+    { VK_KHR_PUSH_DESCRIPTOR_EXTENSION_NAME,                  EXT_PUSH_DESCRIPTORS,       },
+    { VK_EXT_HOST_QUERY_RESET_EXTENSION_NAME,                 EXT_HOST_QUERY_RESET,       },
+};
+
+/* Converts return values to strings */
+static const char *vk_ret2str(VkResult res)
+{
+#define CASE(VAL) case VAL: return #VAL
+    switch (res) {
+    CASE(VK_SUCCESS);
+    CASE(VK_NOT_READY);
+    CASE(VK_TIMEOUT);
+    CASE(VK_EVENT_SET);
+    CASE(VK_EVENT_RESET);
+    CASE(VK_INCOMPLETE);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_DEVICE_LOST);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR);
+    CASE(VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INVALID_SHADER_NV);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_NOT_PERMITTED_EXT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INVALID_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PLANE_LAYOUT_EXT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_INVALID_DEVICE_ADDRESS_EXT);
+    CASE(VK_ERROR_FULL_SCREEN_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_LOST_EXT);
+    default: return "Unknown error";
+    }
+#undef CASE
+}
+
+static VkBool32 vk_dbg_callback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity,
+                                VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
+                                const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *data,
+                                void *priv)
+{
+    int l;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = priv;
+
+    switch (severity) {
+    case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT: l = AV_LOG_VERBOSE; break;
+    case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT:    l = AV_LOG_INFO;    break;
+    case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT: l = AV_LOG_WARNING; break;
+    case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT:   l = AV_LOG_ERROR;   break;
+    default:                                              l = AV_LOG_DEBUG;   break;
+    }
+
+    av_log(ctx, l, "%s\n", data->pMessage);
+    for (int i = 0; i < data->cmdBufLabelCount; i++)
+        av_log(ctx, l, "\t%i: %s\n", i, data->pCmdBufLabels[i].pLabelName);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int check_extensions(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, int dev, AVDictionary *opts,
+                            const char * const **dst, uint32_t *num, int debug)
+{
+    const char *tstr;
+    const char **extension_names = NULL;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    int err = 0, found, extensions_found = 0;
+
+    const char *mod;
+    int optional_exts_num;
+    uint32_t sup_ext_count;
+    char *user_exts_str = NULL;
+    AVDictionaryEntry *user_exts;
+    VkExtensionProperties *sup_ext;
+    const VulkanOptExtension *optional_exts;
+
+    if (!dev) {
+        mod = "instance";
+        optional_exts = optional_instance_exts;
+        optional_exts_num = FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(optional_instance_exts);
+        user_exts = av_dict_get(opts, "instance_extensions", NULL, 0);
+        if (user_exts) {
+            user_exts_str = av_strdup(user_exts->value);
+            if (!user_exts_str) {
+                err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+                goto fail;
+            }
+        }
+        vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &sup_ext_count, NULL);
+        sup_ext = av_malloc_array(sup_ext_count, sizeof(VkExtensionProperties));
+        if (!sup_ext)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &sup_ext_count, sup_ext);
+    } else {
+        mod = "device";
+        optional_exts = optional_device_exts;
+        optional_exts_num = FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(optional_device_exts);
+        user_exts = av_dict_get(opts, "device_extensions", NULL, 0);
+        if (user_exts) {
+            user_exts_str = av_strdup(user_exts->value);
+            if (!user_exts_str) {
+                err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+                goto fail;
+            }
+        }
+        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, NULL,
+                                             &sup_ext_count, NULL);
+        sup_ext = av_malloc_array(sup_ext_count, sizeof(VkExtensionProperties));
+        if (!sup_ext)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, NULL,
+                                             &sup_ext_count, sup_ext);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < optional_exts_num; i++) {
+        tstr = optional_exts[i].name;
+        found = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < sup_ext_count; j++) {
+            if (!strcmp(tstr, sup_ext[j].extensionName)) {
+                found = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found)
+            continue;
+
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using %s extension \"%s\"\n", mod, tstr);
+        p->extensions |= optional_exts[i].flag;
+        ADD_VAL_TO_LIST(extension_names, extensions_found, tstr);
+    }
+
+    if (debug && !dev) {
+        tstr = VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME;
+        found = 0;
+        for (int j = 0; j < sup_ext_count; j++) {
+            if (!strcmp(tstr, sup_ext[j].extensionName)) {
+                found = 1;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (found) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using %s extension \"%s\"\n", mod, tstr);
+            ADD_VAL_TO_LIST(extension_names, extensions_found, tstr);
+        } else {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Debug extension \"%s\" not found!\n",
+                   tstr);
+            err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (user_exts_str) {
+        char *save, *token = av_strtok(user_exts_str, "+", &save);
+        while (token) {
+            found = 0;
+            for (int j = 0; j < sup_ext_count; j++) {
+                if (!strcmp(token, sup_ext[j].extensionName)) {
+                    found = 1;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (found) {
+                av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using %s extension \"%s\"\n", mod, token);
+                ADD_VAL_TO_LIST(extension_names, extensions_found, token);
+            } else {
+                av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "%s extension \"%s\" not found, excluding.\n",
+                       mod, token);
+            }
+            token = av_strtok(NULL, "+", &save);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *dst = extension_names;
+    *num = extensions_found;
+
+    av_free(user_exts_str);
+    av_free(sup_ext);
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    if (extension_names)
+        for (int i = 0; i < extensions_found; i++)
+            av_free((void *)extension_names[i]);
+    av_free(extension_names);
+    av_free(user_exts_str);
+    av_free(sup_ext);
+    return err;
+}
+
+/* Creates a VkInstance */
+static int create_instance(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, AVDictionary *opts)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    AVDictionaryEntry *debug_opt = av_dict_get(opts, "debug", NULL, 0);
+    const int debug_mode = debug_opt && strtol(debug_opt->value, NULL, 10);
+    VkApplicationInfo application_info = {
+        .sType              = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO,
+        .pEngineName        = "libavutil",
+        .apiVersion         = VK_API_VERSION_1_1,
+        .engineVersion      = VK_MAKE_VERSION(LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_MAJOR,
+                                              LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_MINOR,
+                                              LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_MICRO),
+    };
+    VkInstanceCreateInfo inst_props = {
+        .sType            = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pApplicationInfo = &application_info,
+    };
+
+    /* Check for present/missing extensions */
+    err = check_extensions(ctx, 0, opts, &inst_props.ppEnabledExtensionNames,
+                           &inst_props.enabledExtensionCount, debug_mode);
+    if (err < 0)
+        return err;
+
+    if (debug_mode) {
+        static const char *layers[] = { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" };
+        inst_props.ppEnabledLayerNames = layers;
+        inst_props.enabledLayerCount = FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(layers);
+    }
+
+    /* Try to create the instance */
+    ret = vkCreateInstance(&inst_props, hwctx->alloc, &hwctx->inst);
+
+    /* Check for errors */
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Instance creation failure: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        for (int i = 0; i < inst_props.enabledExtensionCount; i++)
+            av_free((void *)inst_props.ppEnabledExtensionNames[i]);
+        av_free((void *)inst_props.ppEnabledExtensionNames);
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    if (debug_mode) {
+        VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT dbg = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+            .messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
+                               VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT    |
+                               VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+                               VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT,
+            .messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT    |
+                           VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
+                           VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT,
+            .pfnUserCallback = vk_dbg_callback,
+            .pUserData = ctx,
+        };
+        VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT);
+
+        pfn_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(hwctx->inst, &dbg,
+                                           hwctx->alloc, &p->debug_ctx);
+    }
+
+    hwctx->enabled_inst_extensions = inst_props.ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+    hwctx->nb_enabled_inst_extensions = inst_props.enabledExtensionCount;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct VulkanDeviceSelection {
+    uint8_t uuid[VK_UUID_SIZE]; /* Will use this first unless !has_uuid */
+    int has_uuid;
+    const char *name; /* Will use this second unless NULL */
+    uint32_t pci_device; /* Will use this third unless 0x0 */
+    uint32_t vendor_id; /* Last resort to find something deterministic */
+    int index; /* Finally fall back to index */
+} VulkanDeviceSelection;
+
+static const char *vk_dev_type(enum VkPhysicalDeviceType type)
+{
+    switch (type) {
+    case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU: return "integrated";
+    case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU:   return "discrete";
+    case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU:    return "virtual";
+    case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:            return "software";
+    default:                                     return "unknown";
+    }
+}
+
+/* Finds a device */
+static int find_device(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, VulkanDeviceSelection *select)
+{
+    int err = 0, choice = -1;
+    uint32_t num;
+    VkResult ret;
+    VkPhysicalDevice *devices = NULL;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceIDProperties *idp = NULL;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 *prop = NULL;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+
+    ret = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(hwctx->inst, &num, NULL);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS || !num) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "No devices found: %s!\n", vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR(ENODEV);
+    }
+
+    devices = av_malloc_array(num, sizeof(VkPhysicalDevice));
+    if (!devices)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    ret = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(hwctx->inst, &num, devices);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed enumerating devices: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        err = AVERROR(ENODEV);
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    prop = av_mallocz_array(num, sizeof(*prop));
+    if (!prop) {
+        err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    idp = av_mallocz_array(num, sizeof(*idp));
+    if (!idp) {
+        err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "GPU listing:\n");
+    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+        idp[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_ID_PROPERTIES;
+        prop[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
+        prop[i].pNext = &idp[i];
+
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(devices[i], &prop[i]);
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    %d: %s (%s) (0x%x)\n", i,
+               prop[i].properties.deviceName,
+               vk_dev_type(prop[i].properties.deviceType),
+               prop[i].properties.deviceID);
+    }
+
+    if (select->has_uuid) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            if (!strncmp(idp[i].deviceUUID, select->uuid, VK_UUID_SIZE)) {
+                choice = i;
+                goto end;
+             }
+        }
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to find device by given UUID!\n");
+        err = AVERROR(ENODEV);
+        goto end;
+    } else if (select->name) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Requested device: %s\n", select->name);
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            if (strstr(prop[i].properties.deviceName, select->name)) {
+                choice = i;
+                goto end;
+             }
+        }
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to find device \"%s\"!\n",
+               select->name);
+        err = AVERROR(ENODEV);
+        goto end;
+    } else if (select->pci_device) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Requested device: 0x%x\n", select->pci_device);
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            if (select->pci_device == prop[i].properties.deviceID) {
+                choice = i;
+                goto end;
+            }
+        }
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to find device with PCI ID 0x%x!\n",
+               select->pci_device);
+        err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        goto end;
+    } else if (select->vendor_id) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Requested vendor: 0x%x\n", select->vendor_id);
+        for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+            if (select->vendor_id == prop[i].properties.vendorID) {
+                choice = i;
+                goto end;
+            }
+        }
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to find device with Vendor ID 0x%x!\n",
+               select->vendor_id);
+        err = AVERROR(ENODEV);
+        goto end;
+    } else {
+        if (select->index < num) {
+            choice = select->index;
+            goto end;
+        }
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to find device with index %i!\n",
+               select->index);
+        err = AVERROR(ENODEV);
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+end:
+    if (choice > -1)
+        hwctx->phys_dev = devices[choice];
+
+    av_free(devices);
+    av_free(prop);
+    av_free(idp);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int search_queue_families(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, VkDeviceCreateInfo *cd)
+{
+    uint32_t num;
+    float *weights;
+    VkQueueFamilyProperties *qs = NULL;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    int graph_index = -1, comp_index = -1, tx_index = -1;
+    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo *pc = (VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo *)cd->pQueueCreateInfos;
+
+    /* First get the number of queue families */
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, &num, NULL);
+    if (!num) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to get queues!\n");
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    /* Then allocate memory */
+    qs = av_malloc_array(num, sizeof(VkQueueFamilyProperties));
+    if (!qs)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    /* Finally retrieve the queue families */
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, &num, qs);
+
+#define SEARCH_FLAGS(expr, out)                                                \
+    for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {                                            \
+        const VkQueueFlagBits flags = qs[i].queueFlags;                        \
+        if (expr) {                                                            \
+            out = i;                                                           \
+            break;                                                             \
+        }                                                                      \
+    }
+
+    SEARCH_FLAGS(flags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT, graph_index)
+
+    SEARCH_FLAGS((flags &  VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT) && (i != graph_index),
+                 comp_index)
+
+    SEARCH_FLAGS((flags & VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT) && (i != graph_index) &&
+                 (i != comp_index), tx_index)
+
+#undef SEARCH_FLAGS
+#define ADD_QUEUE(fidx, graph, comp, tx)                                                 \
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using queue family %i (total queues: %i) for %s%s%s\n", \
+           fidx, qs[fidx].queueCount, graph ? "graphics " : "",                          \
+           comp ? "compute " : "", tx ? "transfers " : "");                              \
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    QF %i flags: %s%s%s%s\n", fidx,                     \
+           ((qs[fidx].queueFlags) & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) ? "(graphics) " : "",         \
+           ((qs[fidx].queueFlags) & VK_QUEUE_COMPUTE_BIT) ? "(compute) " : "",           \
+           ((qs[fidx].queueFlags) & VK_QUEUE_TRANSFER_BIT) ? "(transfers) " : "",        \
+           ((qs[fidx].queueFlags) & VK_QUEUE_SPARSE_BINDING_BIT) ? "(sparse) " : "");    \
+    pc[cd->queueCreateInfoCount].queueFamilyIndex = fidx;                                \
+    pc[cd->queueCreateInfoCount].queueCount = qs[fidx].queueCount;                       \
+    weights = av_malloc(qs[fidx].queueCount * sizeof(float));                            \
+    pc[cd->queueCreateInfoCount].pQueuePriorities = weights;                             \
+    if (!weights)                                                                        \
+        goto fail;                                                                       \
+    for (int i = 0; i < qs[fidx].queueCount; i++)                                        \
+        weights[i] = 1.0f;                                                               \
+    cd->queueCreateInfoCount++;
+
+    ADD_QUEUE(graph_index, 1, comp_index < 0, tx_index < 0 && comp_index < 0)
+    hwctx->queue_family_index      = graph_index;
+    hwctx->queue_family_comp_index = graph_index;
+    hwctx->queue_family_tx_index   = graph_index;
+    hwctx->nb_graphics_queues      = qs[graph_index].queueCount;
+
+    if (comp_index != -1) {
+        ADD_QUEUE(comp_index, 0, 1, tx_index < 0)
+        hwctx->queue_family_tx_index   = comp_index;
+        hwctx->queue_family_comp_index = comp_index;
+        hwctx->nb_comp_queues          = qs[comp_index].queueCount;
+    }
+
+    if (tx_index != -1) {
+        ADD_QUEUE(tx_index, 0, 0, 1)
+        hwctx->queue_family_tx_index = tx_index;
+        hwctx->nb_tx_queues          = qs[tx_index].queueCount;
+    }
+
+#undef ADD_QUEUE
+    av_free(qs);
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    av_freep(&pc[0].pQueuePriorities);
+    av_freep(&pc[1].pQueuePriorities);
+    av_freep(&pc[2].pQueuePriorities);
+    av_free(qs);
+
+    return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+}
+
+static int create_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd,
+                           int queue_family_index, int num_queues)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+
+    VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cqueue_create = {
+        .sType              = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO,
+        .flags              = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT,
+        .queueFamilyIndex   = queue_family_index,
+    };
+    VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbuf_create = {
+        .sType              = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .level              = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY,
+        .commandBufferCount = num_queues,
+    };
+
+    cmd->nb_queues = num_queues;
+
+    /* Create command pool */
+    ret = vkCreateCommandPool(hwctx->act_dev, &cqueue_create,
+                              hwctx->alloc, &cmd->pool);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Command pool creation failure: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    cmd->bufs = av_mallocz(num_queues * sizeof(*cmd->bufs));
+    if (!cmd->bufs)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    cbuf_create.commandPool = cmd->pool;
+
+    /* Allocate command buffer */
+    ret = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(hwctx->act_dev, &cbuf_create, cmd->bufs);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Command buffer alloc failure: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        av_freep(&cmd->bufs);
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    cmd->queues = av_mallocz(num_queues * sizeof(*cmd->queues));
+    if (!cmd->queues)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_queues; i++) {
+        VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[i];
+        vkGetDeviceQueue(hwctx->act_dev, queue_family_index, i, &q->queue);
+        q->was_synchronous = 1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void free_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
+{
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+
+    if (cmd->queues) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < cmd->nb_queues; i++) {
+            VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[i];
+
+            /* Make sure all queues have finished executing */
+            if (q->fence && !q->was_synchronous) {
+                vkWaitForFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+                vkResetFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence);
+            }
+
+            /* Free the fence */
+            if (q->fence)
+                vkDestroyFence(hwctx->act_dev, q->fence, hwctx->alloc);
+
+            /* Free buffer dependencies */
+            for (int j = 0; j < q->nb_buf_deps; j++)
+                av_buffer_unref(&q->buf_deps[j]);
+            av_free(q->buf_deps);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (cmd->bufs)
+        vkFreeCommandBuffers(hwctx->act_dev, cmd->pool, cmd->nb_queues, cmd->bufs);
+    if (cmd->pool)
+        vkDestroyCommandPool(hwctx->act_dev, cmd->pool, hwctx->alloc);
+
+    av_freep(&cmd->queues);
+    av_freep(&cmd->bufs);
+    cmd->pool = NULL;
+}
+
+static VkCommandBuffer get_buf_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
+{
+    return cmd->bufs[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+}
+
+static void unref_exec_ctx_deps(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
+{
+    VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+
+    for (int j = 0; j < q->nb_buf_deps; j++)
+        av_buffer_unref(&q->buf_deps[j]);
+    q->nb_buf_deps = 0;
+}
+
+static int wait_start_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+
+    VkCommandBufferBeginInfo cmd_start = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO,
+        .flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT,
+    };
+
+    /* Create the fence and don't wait for it initially */
+    if (!q->fence) {
+        VkFenceCreateInfo fence_spawn = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO,
+        };
+        ret = vkCreateFence(hwctx->act_dev, &fence_spawn, hwctx->alloc,
+                            &q->fence);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to queue frame fence: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+    } else if (!q->was_synchronous) {
+        vkWaitForFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        vkResetFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence);
+    }
+
+    /* Discard queue dependencies */
+    unref_exec_ctx_deps(hwfc, cmd);
+
+    ret = vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd->bufs[cmd->cur_queue_idx], &cmd_start);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to init command buffer: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int add_buf_dep_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd,
+                                AVBufferRef * const *deps, int nb_deps)
+{
+    AVBufferRef **dst;
+    VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+
+    if (!deps || !nb_deps)
+        return 0;
+
+    dst = av_fast_realloc(q->buf_deps, &q->buf_deps_alloc_size,
+                          (q->nb_buf_deps + nb_deps) * sizeof(*dst));
+    if (!dst)
+        goto err;
+
+    q->buf_deps = dst;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nb_deps; i++) {
+        q->buf_deps[q->nb_buf_deps] = av_buffer_ref(deps[i]);
+        if (!q->buf_deps[q->nb_buf_deps])
+            goto err;
+        q->nb_buf_deps++;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+err:
+    unref_exec_ctx_deps(hwfc, cmd);
+    return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+}
+
+static int submit_exec_ctx(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *cmd,
+                           VkSubmitInfo *s_info, int synchronous)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    VulkanQueueCtx *q = &cmd->queues[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+
+    ret = vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd->bufs[cmd->cur_queue_idx]);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to finish command buffer: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        unref_exec_ctx_deps(hwfc, cmd);
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    s_info->pCommandBuffers = &cmd->bufs[cmd->cur_queue_idx];
+    s_info->commandBufferCount = 1;
+
+    ret = vkQueueSubmit(q->queue, 1, s_info, q->fence);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        unref_exec_ctx_deps(hwfc, cmd);
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    q->was_synchronous = synchronous;
+
+    if (synchronous) {
+        AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+        vkWaitForFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        vkResetFences(hwctx->act_dev, 1, &q->fence);
+        unref_exec_ctx_deps(hwfc, cmd);
+    } else { /* Rotate queues */
+        cmd->cur_queue_idx = (cmd->cur_queue_idx + 1) % cmd->nb_queues;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_device_free(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx)
+{
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+
+    vkDestroyDevice(hwctx->act_dev, hwctx->alloc);
+
+    if (p->debug_ctx) {
+        VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT);
+        pfn_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(hwctx->inst, p->debug_ctx,
+                                            hwctx->alloc);
+    }
+
+    vkDestroyInstance(hwctx->inst, hwctx->alloc);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < hwctx->nb_enabled_inst_extensions; i++)
+        av_free((void *)hwctx->enabled_inst_extensions[i]);
+    av_free((void *)hwctx->enabled_inst_extensions);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < hwctx->nb_enabled_dev_extensions; i++)
+        av_free((void *)hwctx->enabled_dev_extensions[i]);
+    av_free((void *)hwctx->enabled_dev_extensions);
+}
+
+static int vulkan_device_create_internal(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx,
+                                         VulkanDeviceSelection *dev_select,
+                                         AVDictionary *opts, int flags)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVDictionaryEntry *opt_d;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures dev_features = { 0 };
+    VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queue_create_info[3] = {
+        { .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO, },
+        { .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO, },
+        { .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO, },
+    };
+
+    VkDeviceCreateInfo dev_info = {
+        .sType                = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext                = &hwctx->device_features,
+        .pQueueCreateInfos    = queue_create_info,
+        .queueCreateInfoCount = 0,
+    };
+
+    hwctx->device_features.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_FEATURES_2;
+    ctx->free = vulkan_device_free;
+
+    /* Create an instance if not given one */
+    if ((err = create_instance(ctx, opts)))
+        goto end;
+
+    /* Find a device (if not given one) */
+    if ((err = find_device(ctx, dev_select)))
+        goto end;
+
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(hwctx->phys_dev, &dev_features);
+#define COPY_FEATURE(DST, NAME) (DST).features.NAME = dev_features.NAME;
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, shaderImageGatherExtended)
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, shaderStorageImageReadWithoutFormat)
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, shaderStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat)
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, fragmentStoresAndAtomics)
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics)
+    COPY_FEATURE(hwctx->device_features, shaderInt64)
+#undef COPY_FEATURE
+
+    /* Search queue family */
+    if ((err = search_queue_families(ctx, &dev_info)))
+        goto end;
+
+    if ((err = check_extensions(ctx, 1, opts, &dev_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames,
+                                &dev_info.enabledExtensionCount, 0))) {
+        av_free((void *)queue_create_info[0].pQueuePriorities);
+        av_free((void *)queue_create_info[1].pQueuePriorities);
+        av_free((void *)queue_create_info[2].pQueuePriorities);
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    ret = vkCreateDevice(hwctx->phys_dev, &dev_info, hwctx->alloc,
+                         &hwctx->act_dev);
+
+    av_free((void *)queue_create_info[0].pQueuePriorities);
+    av_free((void *)queue_create_info[1].pQueuePriorities);
+    av_free((void *)queue_create_info[2].pQueuePriorities);
+
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Device creation failure: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        for (int i = 0; i < dev_info.enabledExtensionCount; i++)
+            av_free((void *)dev_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames[i]);
+        av_free((void *)dev_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames);
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto end;
+    }
+
+    /* Tiled images setting, use them by default */
+    opt_d = av_dict_get(opts, "linear_images", NULL, 0);
+    if (opt_d)
+        p->use_linear_images = strtol(opt_d->value, NULL, 10);
+
+    hwctx->enabled_dev_extensions = dev_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+    hwctx->nb_enabled_dev_extensions = dev_info.enabledExtensionCount;
+
+end:
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_device_init(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx)
+{
+    uint32_t queue_num;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    /* Set device extension flags */
+    for (int i = 0; i < hwctx->nb_enabled_dev_extensions; i++) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(optional_device_exts); j++) {
+            if (!strcmp(hwctx->enabled_dev_extensions[i],
+                        optional_device_exts[j].name)) {
+                av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using device extension %s\n",
+                       hwctx->enabled_dev_extensions[i]);
+                p->extensions |= optional_device_exts[j].flag;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    p->props.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
+    p->props.pNext = &p->hprops;
+    p->hprops.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HOST_PROPERTIES_EXT;
+
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(hwctx->phys_dev, &p->props);
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Using device: %s\n",
+           p->props.properties.deviceName);
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Alignments:\n");
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    optimalBufferCopyRowPitchAlignment: %li\n",
+           p->props.properties.limits.optimalBufferCopyRowPitchAlignment);
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    minMemoryMapAlignment:              %li\n",
+           p->props.properties.limits.minMemoryMapAlignment);
+    if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_HOST_MEMORY)
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "    minImportedHostPointerAlignment:    %li\n",
+               p->hprops.minImportedHostPointerAlignment);
+
+    p->dev_is_nvidia = (p->props.properties.vendorID == 0x10de);
+
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, &queue_num, NULL);
+    if (!queue_num) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to get queues!\n");
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+#define CHECK_QUEUE(type, n)                                                         \
+if (n >= queue_num) {                                                                \
+    av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Invalid %s queue index %i (device has %i queues)!\n", \
+           type, n, queue_num);                                                      \
+    return AVERROR(EINVAL);                                                          \
+}
+
+    CHECK_QUEUE("graphics", hwctx->queue_family_index)
+    CHECK_QUEUE("upload",   hwctx->queue_family_tx_index)
+    CHECK_QUEUE("compute",  hwctx->queue_family_comp_index)
+
+#undef CHECK_QUEUE
+
+    p->qfs[p->num_qfs++] = hwctx->queue_family_index;
+    if ((hwctx->queue_family_tx_index != hwctx->queue_family_index) &&
+        (hwctx->queue_family_tx_index != hwctx->queue_family_comp_index))
+        p->qfs[p->num_qfs++] = hwctx->queue_family_tx_index;
+    if ((hwctx->queue_family_comp_index != hwctx->queue_family_index) &&
+        (hwctx->queue_family_comp_index != hwctx->queue_family_tx_index))
+        p->qfs[p->num_qfs++] = hwctx->queue_family_comp_index;
+
+    /* Get device capabilities */
+    vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(hwctx->phys_dev, &p->mprops);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_device_create(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, const char *device,
+                                AVDictionary *opts, int flags)
+{
+    VulkanDeviceSelection dev_select = { 0 };
+    if (device && device[0]) {
+        char *end = NULL;
+        dev_select.index = strtol(device, &end, 10);
+        if (end == device) {
+            dev_select.index = 0;
+            dev_select.name  = device;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return vulkan_device_create_internal(ctx, &dev_select, opts, flags);
+}
+
+static int vulkan_device_derive(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx,
+                                AVHWDeviceContext *src_ctx,
+                                AVDictionary *opts, int flags)
+{
+    av_unused VulkanDeviceSelection dev_select = { 0 };
+
+    /* If there's only one device on the system, then even if its not covered
+     * by the following checks (e.g. non-PCIe ARM GPU), having an empty
+     * dev_select will mean it'll get picked. */
+    switch(src_ctx->type) {
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+    case AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_VAAPI: {
+        AVVAAPIDeviceContext *src_hwctx = src_ctx->hwctx;
+
+        const char *vendor = vaQueryVendorString(src_hwctx->display);
+        if (!vendor) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to get device info from VAAPI!\n");
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+
+        if (strstr(vendor, "Intel"))
+            dev_select.vendor_id = 0x8086;
+        if (strstr(vendor, "AMD"))
+            dev_select.vendor_id = 0x1002;
+
+        return vulkan_device_create_internal(ctx, &dev_select, opts, flags);
+    }
+#endif
+    case AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_DRM: {
+        AVDRMDeviceContext *src_hwctx = src_ctx->hwctx;
+
+        drmDevice *drm_dev_info;
+        int err = drmGetDevice(src_hwctx->fd, &drm_dev_info);
+        if (err) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to get device info from DRM fd!\n");
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+
+        if (drm_dev_info->bustype == DRM_BUS_PCI)
+            dev_select.pci_device = drm_dev_info->deviceinfo.pci->device_id;
+
+        drmFreeDevice(&drm_dev_info);
+
+        return vulkan_device_create_internal(ctx, &dev_select, opts, flags);
+    }
+#endif
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    case AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_CUDA: {
+        AVHWDeviceContext *cuda_cu = src_ctx;
+        AVCUDADeviceContext *src_hwctx = src_ctx->hwctx;
+        AVCUDADeviceContextInternal *cu_internal = src_hwctx->internal;
+        CudaFunctions *cu = cu_internal->cuda_dl;
+
+        int ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuDeviceGetUuid((CUuuid *)&dev_select.uuid,
+                                               cu_internal->cuda_device));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to get UUID from CUDA!\n");
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+
+        dev_select.has_uuid = 1;
+
+        return vulkan_device_create_internal(ctx, &dev_select, opts, flags);
+    }
+#endif
+    default:
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vulkan_frames_get_constraints(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx,
+                                         const void *hwconfig,
+                                         AVHWFramesConstraints *constraints)
+{
+    int count = 0;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    for (enum AVPixelFormat i = 0; i < AV_PIX_FMT_NB; i++)
+        count += pixfmt_is_supported(hwctx, i, p->use_linear_images);
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    if (p->dev_is_nvidia)
+        count++;
+#endif
+
+    constraints->valid_sw_formats = av_malloc_array(count + 1,
+                                                    sizeof(enum AVPixelFormat));
+    if (!constraints->valid_sw_formats)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    count = 0;
+    for (enum AVPixelFormat i = 0; i < AV_PIX_FMT_NB; i++)
+        if (pixfmt_is_supported(hwctx, i, p->use_linear_images))
+            constraints->valid_sw_formats[count++] = i;
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    if (p->dev_is_nvidia)
+        constraints->valid_sw_formats[count++] = AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA;
+#endif
+    constraints->valid_sw_formats[count++] = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
+
+    constraints->min_width  = 0;
+    constraints->min_height = 0;
+    constraints->max_width  = p->props.properties.limits.maxImageDimension2D;
+    constraints->max_height = p->props.properties.limits.maxImageDimension2D;
+
+    constraints->valid_hw_formats = av_malloc_array(2, sizeof(enum AVPixelFormat));
+    if (!constraints->valid_hw_formats)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    constraints->valid_hw_formats[0] = AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN;
+    constraints->valid_hw_formats[1] = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int alloc_mem(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, VkMemoryRequirements *req,
+                     VkMemoryPropertyFlagBits req_flags, const void *alloc_extension,
+                     VkMemoryPropertyFlagBits *mem_flags, VkDeviceMemory *mem)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    int index = -1;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *dev_hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VkMemoryAllocateInfo alloc_info = {
+        .sType          = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .pNext          = alloc_extension,
+        .allocationSize = req->size,
+    };
+
+    /* The vulkan spec requires memory types to be sorted in the "optimal"
+     * order, so the first matching type we find will be the best/fastest one */
+    for (int i = 0; i < p->mprops.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
+        const VkMemoryType *type = &p->mprops.memoryTypes[i];
+
+        /* The memory type must be supported by the requirements (bitfield) */
+        if (!(req->memoryTypeBits & (1 << i)))
+            continue;
+
+        /* The memory type flags must include our properties */
+        if ((type->propertyFlags & req_flags) != req_flags)
+            continue;
+
+        /* The memory type must be large enough */
+        if (req->size > p->mprops.memoryHeaps[type->heapIndex].size)
+            continue;
+
+        /* Found a suitable memory type */
+        index = i;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if (index < 0) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "No memory type found for flags 0x%x\n",
+               req_flags);
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    alloc_info.memoryTypeIndex = index;
+
+    ret = vkAllocateMemory(dev_hwctx->act_dev, &alloc_info,
+                           dev_hwctx->alloc, mem);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to allocate memory: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
+    *mem_flags |= p->mprops.memoryTypes[index].propertyFlags;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_free_internal(AVVkFrameInternal *internal)
+{
+    if (!internal)
+        return;
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    if (internal->cuda_fc_ref) {
+        AVHWFramesContext *cuda_fc = (AVHWFramesContext *)internal->cuda_fc_ref->data;
+        int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(cuda_fc->sw_format);
+        AVHWDeviceContext *cuda_cu = cuda_fc->device_ctx;
+        AVCUDADeviceContext *cuda_dev = cuda_cu->hwctx;
+        AVCUDADeviceContextInternal *cu_internal = cuda_dev->internal;
+        CudaFunctions *cu = cu_internal->cuda_dl;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            if (internal->cu_sem[i])
+                CHECK_CU(cu->cuDestroyExternalSemaphore(internal->cu_sem[i]));
+            if (internal->cu_mma[i])
+                CHECK_CU(cu->cuMipmappedArrayDestroy(internal->cu_mma[i]));
+            if (internal->ext_mem[i])
+                CHECK_CU(cu->cuDestroyExternalMemory(internal->ext_mem[i]));
+        }
+
+        av_buffer_unref(&internal->cuda_fc_ref);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    av_free(internal);
+}
+
+static void vulkan_frame_free(void *opaque, uint8_t *data)
+{
+    AVVkFrame *f = (AVVkFrame *)data;
+    AVHWFramesContext *hwfc = opaque;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    vulkan_free_internal(f->internal);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        vkDestroyImage(hwctx->act_dev, f->img[i], hwctx->alloc);
+        vkFreeMemory(hwctx->act_dev, f->mem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+        vkDestroySemaphore(hwctx->act_dev, f->sem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+    }
+
+    av_free(f);
+}
+
+static int alloc_bind_mem(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVVkFrame *f,
+                          void *alloc_pnext, size_t alloc_pnext_stride)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = hwfc->device_ctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+    VkBindImageMemoryInfo bind_info[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { { 0 } };
+
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        int use_ded_mem;
+        VkImageMemoryRequirementsInfo2 req_desc = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO_2,
+            .image = f->img[i],
+        };
+        VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo ded_alloc = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+            .pNext = (void *)(((uint8_t *)alloc_pnext) + i*alloc_pnext_stride),
+        };
+        VkMemoryDedicatedRequirements ded_req = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_REQUIREMENTS,
+        };
+        VkMemoryRequirements2 req = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2,
+            .pNext = &ded_req,
+        };
+
+        vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2(hwctx->act_dev, &req_desc, &req);
+
+        if (f->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR)
+            req.memoryRequirements.size = FFALIGN(req.memoryRequirements.size,
+                                                  p->props.properties.limits.minMemoryMapAlignment);
+
+        /* In case the implementation prefers/requires dedicated allocation */
+        use_ded_mem = ded_req.prefersDedicatedAllocation |
+                      ded_req.requiresDedicatedAllocation;
+        if (use_ded_mem)
+            ded_alloc.image = f->img[i];
+
+        /* Allocate memory */
+        if ((err = alloc_mem(ctx, &req.memoryRequirements,
+                             f->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR ?
+                             VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT :
+                             VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+                             use_ded_mem ? &ded_alloc : (void *)ded_alloc.pNext,
+                             &f->flags, &f->mem[i])))
+            return err;
+
+        f->size[i] = req.memoryRequirements.size;
+        bind_info[i].sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_MEMORY_INFO;
+        bind_info[i].image  = f->img[i];
+        bind_info[i].memory = f->mem[i];
+    }
+
+    /* Bind the allocated memory to the images */
+    ret = vkBindImageMemory2(hwctx->act_dev, planes, bind_info);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to bind memory: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+enum PrepMode {
+    PREP_MODE_WRITE,
+    PREP_MODE_RO_SHADER,
+    PREP_MODE_EXTERNAL_EXPORT,
+};
+
+static int prepare_frame(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, VulkanExecCtx *ectx,
+                         AVVkFrame *frame, enum PrepMode pmode)
+{
+    int err;
+    uint32_t dst_qf;
+    VkImageLayout new_layout;
+    VkAccessFlags new_access;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier img_bar[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+
+    VkSubmitInfo s_info = {
+        .sType                = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+        .pSignalSemaphores    = frame->sem,
+        .signalSemaphoreCount = planes,
+    };
+
+    VkPipelineStageFlagBits wait_st[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++)
+        wait_st[i] = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+
+    switch (pmode) {
+    case PREP_MODE_WRITE:
+        new_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
+        new_access = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+        dst_qf     = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+        break;
+    case PREP_MODE_RO_SHADER:
+        new_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
+        new_access = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
+        dst_qf     = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+        break;
+    case PREP_MODE_EXTERNAL_EXPORT:
+        new_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+        new_access = VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_WRITE_BIT;
+        dst_qf     = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_EXTERNAL_KHR;
+        s_info.pWaitSemaphores = frame->sem;
+        s_info.pWaitDstStageMask = wait_st;
+        s_info.waitSemaphoreCount = planes;
+        break;
+    }
+
+    if ((err = wait_start_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx)))
+        return err;
+
+    /* Change the image layout to something more optimal for writes.
+     * This also signals the newly created semaphore, making it usable
+     * for synchronization */
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        img_bar[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+        img_bar[i].srcAccessMask = 0x0;
+        img_bar[i].dstAccessMask = new_access;
+        img_bar[i].oldLayout = frame->layout[i];
+        img_bar[i].newLayout = new_layout;
+        img_bar[i].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+        img_bar[i].dstQueueFamilyIndex = dst_qf;
+        img_bar[i].image = frame->img[i];
+        img_bar[i].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+        img_bar[i].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+        img_bar[i].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+
+        frame->layout[i] = img_bar[i].newLayout;
+        frame->access[i] = img_bar[i].dstAccessMask;
+    }
+
+    vkCmdPipelineBarrier(get_buf_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx),
+                         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+                         VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+                         0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, planes, img_bar);
+
+    return submit_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx, &s_info, 0);
+}
+
+static inline void get_plane_wh(int *w, int *h, enum AVPixelFormat format,
+                                int frame_w, int frame_h, int plane)
+{
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(format);
+
+    /* Currently always true unless gray + alpha support is added */
+    if (!plane || (plane == 3) || desc->flags & AV_PIX_FMT_FLAG_RGB ||
+        !(desc->flags & AV_PIX_FMT_FLAG_PLANAR)) {
+        *w = frame_w;
+        *h = frame_h;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    *w = AV_CEIL_RSHIFT(frame_w, desc->log2_chroma_w);
+    *h = AV_CEIL_RSHIFT(frame_h, desc->log2_chroma_h);
+}
+
+static int create_frame(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVVkFrame **frame,
+                        VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlagBits usage,
+                        void *create_pnext)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = hwfc->device_ctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    enum AVPixelFormat format = hwfc->sw_format;
+    const VkFormat *img_fmts = av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(format);
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(format);
+
+    VkExportSemaphoreCreateInfo ext_sem_info = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT,
+    };
+
+    VkSemaphoreCreateInfo sem_spawn = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_SEM ? &ext_sem_info : NULL,
+    };
+
+    AVVkFrame *f = av_vk_frame_alloc();
+    if (!f) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to allocate memory for AVVkFrame!\n");
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
+    /* Create the images */
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        VkImageCreateInfo create_info = {
+            .sType                 = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+            .pNext                 = create_pnext,
+            .imageType             = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+            .format                = img_fmts[i],
+            .extent.depth          = 1,
+            .mipLevels             = 1,
+            .arrayLayers           = 1,
+            .flags                 = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_ALIAS_BIT,
+            .tiling                = tiling,
+            .initialLayout         = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+            .usage                 = usage,
+            .samples               = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+            .pQueueFamilyIndices   = p->qfs,
+            .queueFamilyIndexCount = p->num_qfs,
+            .sharingMode           = p->num_qfs > 1 ? VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT :
+                                                      VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+        };
+
+        get_plane_wh(&create_info.extent.width, &create_info.extent.height,
+                     format, hwfc->width, hwfc->height, i);
+
+        ret = vkCreateImage(hwctx->act_dev, &create_info,
+                            hwctx->alloc, &f->img[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Image creation failure: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Create semaphore */
+        ret = vkCreateSemaphore(hwctx->act_dev, &sem_spawn,
+                                hwctx->alloc, &f->sem[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to create semaphore: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+
+        f->layout[i] = create_info.initialLayout;
+        f->access[i] = 0x0;
+    }
+
+    f->flags     = 0x0;
+    f->tiling    = tiling;
+
+    *frame = f;
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    vulkan_frame_free(hwfc, (uint8_t *)f);
+    return err;
+}
+
+/* Checks if an export flag is enabled, and if it is ORs it with *iexp */
+static void try_export_flags(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc,
+                             VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlags *comp_handle_types,
+                             VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits *iexp,
+                             VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits exp)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVulkanFramesContext *hwctx = hwfc->hwctx;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *dev_hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    VkExternalImageFormatProperties eprops = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_KHR,
+    };
+    VkImageFormatProperties2 props = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2,
+        .pNext = &eprops,
+    };
+    VkPhysicalDeviceExternalImageFormatInfo enext = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO,
+        .handleType = exp,
+    };
+    VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 pinfo = {
+        .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2,
+        .pNext  = !exp ? NULL : &enext,
+        .format = av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(hwfc->sw_format)[0],
+        .type   = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+        .tiling = hwctx->tiling,
+        .usage  = hwctx->usage,
+        .flags  = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_ALIAS_BIT,
+    };
+
+    ret = vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(dev_hwctx->phys_dev,
+                                                    &pinfo, &props);
+    if (ret == VK_SUCCESS) {
+        *iexp |= exp;
+        *comp_handle_types |= eprops.externalMemoryProperties.compatibleHandleTypes;
+    }
+}
+
+static AVBufferRef *vulkan_pool_alloc(void *opaque, buffer_size_t size)
+{
+    int err;
+    AVVkFrame *f;
+    AVBufferRef *avbuf = NULL;
+    AVHWFramesContext *hwfc = opaque;
+    AVVulkanFramesContext *hwctx = hwfc->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+    VkExportMemoryAllocateInfo eminfo[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlags e = 0x0;
+
+    VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo eiinfo = {
+        .sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext       = hwctx->create_pnext,
+    };
+
+    if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_MEMORY)
+        try_export_flags(hwfc, &eiinfo.handleTypes, &e,
+                         VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT);
+
+    if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY)
+        try_export_flags(hwfc, &eiinfo.handleTypes, &e,
+                         VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format); i++) {
+        eminfo[i].sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXPORT_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+        eminfo[i].pNext       = hwctx->alloc_pnext[i];
+        eminfo[i].handleTypes = e;
+    }
+
+    err = create_frame(hwfc, &f, hwctx->tiling, hwctx->usage,
+                       eiinfo.handleTypes ? &eiinfo : NULL);
+    if (err)
+        return NULL;
+
+    err = alloc_bind_mem(hwfc, f, eminfo, sizeof(*eminfo));
+    if (err)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = prepare_frame(hwfc, &fp->conv_ctx, f, PREP_MODE_WRITE);
+    if (err)
+        goto fail;
+
+    avbuf = av_buffer_create((uint8_t *)f, sizeof(AVVkFrame),
+                             vulkan_frame_free, hwfc, 0);
+    if (!avbuf)
+        goto fail;
+
+    return avbuf;
+
+fail:
+    vulkan_frame_free(hwfc, (uint8_t *)f);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_frames_uninit(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc)
+{
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+
+    free_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->conv_ctx);
+    free_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->upload_ctx);
+    free_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->download_ctx);
+}
+
+static int vulkan_frames_init(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc)
+{
+    int err;
+    AVVkFrame *f;
+    AVVulkanFramesContext *hwctx = hwfc->hwctx;
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *dev_hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    /* Default pool flags */
+    hwctx->tiling = hwctx->tiling ? hwctx->tiling : p->use_linear_images ?
+                    VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR : VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+
+    if (!hwctx->usage)
+        hwctx->usage = DEFAULT_USAGE_FLAGS;
+
+    err = create_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->conv_ctx,
+                          dev_hwctx->queue_family_comp_index,
+                          GET_QUEUE_COUNT(dev_hwctx, 0, 1, 0));
+    if (err)
+        return err;
+
+    err = create_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->upload_ctx,
+                          dev_hwctx->queue_family_tx_index,
+                          GET_QUEUE_COUNT(dev_hwctx, 0, 0, 1));
+    if (err)
+        return err;
+
+    err = create_exec_ctx(hwfc, &fp->download_ctx,
+                          dev_hwctx->queue_family_tx_index, 1);
+    if (err)
+        return err;
+
+    /* Test to see if allocation will fail */
+    err = create_frame(hwfc, &f, hwctx->tiling, hwctx->usage,
+                       hwctx->create_pnext);
+    if (err)
+        return err;
+
+    vulkan_frame_free(hwfc, (uint8_t *)f);
+
+    /* If user did not specify a pool, hwfc->pool will be set to the internal one
+     * in hwcontext.c just after this gets called */
+    if (!hwfc->pool) {
+        hwfc->internal->pool_internal = av_buffer_pool_init2(sizeof(AVVkFrame),
+                                                             hwfc, vulkan_pool_alloc,
+                                                             NULL);
+        if (!hwfc->internal->pool_internal)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_get_buffer(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *frame)
+{
+    frame->buf[0] = av_buffer_pool_get(hwfc->pool);
+    if (!frame->buf[0])
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    frame->data[0] = frame->buf[0]->data;
+    frame->format  = AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN;
+    frame->width   = hwfc->width;
+    frame->height  = hwfc->height;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_transfer_get_formats(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc,
+                                       enum AVHWFrameTransferDirection dir,
+                                       enum AVPixelFormat **formats)
+{
+    enum AVPixelFormat *fmts = av_malloc_array(2, sizeof(*fmts));
+    if (!fmts)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    fmts[0] = hwfc->sw_format;
+    fmts[1] = AV_PIX_FMT_NONE;
+
+    *formats = fmts;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+typedef struct VulkanMapping {
+    AVVkFrame *frame;
+    int flags;
+} VulkanMapping;
+
+static void vulkan_unmap_frame(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, HWMapDescriptor *hwmap)
+{
+    VulkanMapping *map = hwmap->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    /* Check if buffer needs flushing */
+    if ((map->flags & AV_HWFRAME_MAP_WRITE) &&
+        !(map->frame->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT)) {
+        VkResult ret;
+        VkMappedMemoryRange flush_ranges[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { { 0 } };
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            flush_ranges[i].sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE;
+            flush_ranges[i].memory = map->frame->mem[i];
+            flush_ranges[i].size   = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
+        }
+
+        ret = vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(hwctx->act_dev, planes,
+                                        flush_ranges);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to flush memory: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++)
+        vkUnmapMemory(hwctx->act_dev, map->frame->mem[i]);
+
+    av_free(map);
+}
+
+static int vulkan_map_frame_to_mem(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                                   const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    int err, mapped_mem_count = 0;
+    AVVkFrame *f = (AVVkFrame *)src->data[0];
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    VulkanMapping *map = av_mallocz(sizeof(VulkanMapping));
+    if (!map)
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    if (src->format != AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot map from pixel format %s!\n",
+               av_get_pix_fmt_name(src->format));
+        err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (!(f->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) ||
+        !(f->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR)) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to map frame, not host visible "
+               "and linear!\n");
+        err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    dst->width  = src->width;
+    dst->height = src->height;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        ret = vkMapMemory(hwctx->act_dev, f->mem[i], 0,
+                          VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0, (void **)&dst->data[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to map image memory: %s\n",
+                vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        mapped_mem_count++;
+    }
+
+    /* Check if the memory contents matter */
+    if (((flags & AV_HWFRAME_MAP_READ) || !(flags & AV_HWFRAME_MAP_OVERWRITE)) &&
+        !(f->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT)) {
+        VkMappedMemoryRange map_mem_ranges[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { { 0 } };
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            map_mem_ranges[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE;
+            map_mem_ranges[i].size = VK_WHOLE_SIZE;
+            map_mem_ranges[i].memory = f->mem[i];
+        }
+
+        ret = vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges(hwctx->act_dev, planes,
+                                             map_mem_ranges);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to invalidate memory: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        VkImageSubresource sub = {
+            .aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+        };
+        VkSubresourceLayout layout;
+        vkGetImageSubresourceLayout(hwctx->act_dev, f->img[i], &sub, &layout);
+        dst->linesize[i] = layout.rowPitch;
+    }
+
+    map->frame = f;
+    map->flags = flags;
+
+    err = ff_hwframe_map_create(src->hw_frames_ctx, dst, src,
+                                &vulkan_unmap_frame, map);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    for (int i = 0; i < mapped_mem_count; i++)
+        vkUnmapMemory(hwctx->act_dev, f->mem[i]);
+
+    av_free(map);
+    return err;
+}
+
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+static void vulkan_unmap_from(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, HWMapDescriptor *hwmap)
+{
+    VulkanMapping *map = hwmap->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        vkDestroyImage(hwctx->act_dev, map->frame->img[i], hwctx->alloc);
+        vkFreeMemory(hwctx->act_dev, map->frame->mem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+        vkDestroySemaphore(hwctx->act_dev, map->frame->sem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+    }
+
+    av_freep(&map->frame);
+}
+
+static const struct {
+    uint32_t drm_fourcc;
+    VkFormat vk_format;
+} vulkan_drm_format_map[] = {
+    { DRM_FORMAT_R8,       VK_FORMAT_R8_UNORM       },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_R16,      VK_FORMAT_R16_UNORM      },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_GR88,     VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM     },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_RG88,     VK_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM     },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_GR1616,   VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM   },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_RG1616,   VK_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM   },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888, VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_XRGB8888, VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_ABGR8888, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM },
+    { DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM },
+};
+
+static inline VkFormat drm_to_vulkan_fmt(uint32_t drm_fourcc)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(vulkan_drm_format_map); i++)
+        if (vulkan_drm_format_map[i].drm_fourcc == drm_fourcc)
+            return vulkan_drm_format_map[i].vk_format;
+    return VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_map_from_drm_frame_desc(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVVkFrame **frame,
+                                          const AVFrame *src)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVkFrame *f;
+    int bind_counts = 0;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = hwfc->device_ctx;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = ctx->internal->priv;
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanFramesContext *frames_hwctx = hwfc->hwctx;
+    const AVDRMFrameDescriptor *desc = (AVDRMFrameDescriptor *)src->data[0];
+    const int has_modifiers = !!(p->extensions & EXT_DRM_MODIFIER_FLAGS);
+    VkSubresourceLayout plane_data[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    VkBindImageMemoryInfo bind_info[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    VkBindImagePlaneMemoryInfo plane_info[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits htype = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT;
+
+    VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetMemoryFdPropertiesKHR);
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_layers; i++) {
+        if (drm_to_vulkan_fmt(desc->layers[i].format) == VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unsupported DMABUF layer format %#08x!\n",
+                   desc->layers[i].format);
+            return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!(f = av_vk_frame_alloc())) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to allocate memory for AVVkFrame!\n");
+        err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    f->tiling = has_modifiers ? VK_IMAGE_TILING_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXT :
+                desc->objects[0].format_modifier == DRM_FORMAT_MOD_LINEAR ?
+                VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR : VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_layers; i++) {
+        const int planes = desc->layers[i].nb_planes;
+        VkImageDrmFormatModifierExplicitCreateInfoEXT drm_info = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXPLICIT_CREATE_INFO_EXT,
+            .drmFormatModifier = desc->objects[0].format_modifier,
+            .drmFormatModifierPlaneCount = planes,
+            .pPlaneLayouts = (const VkSubresourceLayout *)&plane_data,
+        };
+
+        VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo einfo = {
+            .sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+            .pNext       = has_modifiers ? &drm_info : NULL,
+            .handleTypes = htype,
+        };
+
+        VkSemaphoreCreateInfo sem_spawn = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO,
+        };
+
+        VkImageCreateInfo create_info = {
+            .sType                 = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+            .pNext                 = &einfo,
+            .imageType             = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D,
+            .format                = drm_to_vulkan_fmt(desc->layers[i].format),
+            .extent.depth          = 1,
+            .mipLevels             = 1,
+            .arrayLayers           = 1,
+            .flags                 = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_ALIAS_BIT,
+            .tiling                = f->tiling,
+            .initialLayout         = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, /* specs say so */
+            .usage                 = frames_hwctx->usage,
+            .samples               = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT,
+            .pQueueFamilyIndices   = p->qfs,
+            .queueFamilyIndexCount = p->num_qfs,
+            .sharingMode           = p->num_qfs > 1 ? VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT :
+                                                      VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+        };
+
+        get_plane_wh(&create_info.extent.width, &create_info.extent.height,
+                     hwfc->sw_format, src->width, src->height, i);
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < planes; j++) {
+            plane_data[j].offset     = desc->layers[i].planes[j].offset;
+            plane_data[j].rowPitch   = desc->layers[i].planes[j].pitch;
+            plane_data[j].size       = 0; /* The specs say so for all 3 */
+            plane_data[j].arrayPitch = 0;
+            plane_data[j].depthPitch = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Create image */
+        ret = vkCreateImage(hwctx->act_dev, &create_info,
+                            hwctx->alloc, &f->img[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Image creation failure: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR(EINVAL);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        ret = vkCreateSemaphore(hwctx->act_dev, &sem_spawn,
+                                hwctx->alloc, &f->sem[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to create semaphore: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+
+        /* We'd import a semaphore onto the one we created using
+         * vkImportSemaphoreFdKHR but unfortunately neither DRM nor VAAPI
+         * offer us anything we could import and sync with, so instead
+         * just signal the semaphore we created. */
+
+        f->layout[i] = create_info.initialLayout;
+        f->access[i] = 0x0;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_objects; i++) {
+        int use_ded_mem = 0;
+        VkMemoryFdPropertiesKHR fdmp = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_FD_PROPERTIES_KHR,
+        };
+        VkMemoryRequirements req = {
+            .size = desc->objects[i].size,
+        };
+        VkImportMemoryFdInfoKHR idesc = {
+            .sType      = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_MEMORY_FD_INFO_KHR,
+            .handleType = htype,
+            .fd         = dup(desc->objects[i].fd),
+        };
+        VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo ded_alloc = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+            .pNext = &idesc,
+        };
+
+        ret = pfn_vkGetMemoryFdPropertiesKHR(hwctx->act_dev, htype,
+                                             idesc.fd, &fdmp);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to get FD properties: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            close(idesc.fd);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        req.memoryTypeBits = fdmp.memoryTypeBits;
+
+        /* Dedicated allocation only makes sense if there's a one to one mapping
+         * between images and the memory backing them, so only check in this
+         * case. */
+        if (desc->nb_layers == desc->nb_objects) {
+            VkImageMemoryRequirementsInfo2 req_desc = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO_2,
+                .image = f->img[i],
+            };
+            VkMemoryDedicatedRequirements ded_req = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_REQUIREMENTS,
+            };
+            VkMemoryRequirements2 req2 = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2,
+                .pNext = &ded_req,
+            };
+
+            vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2(hwctx->act_dev, &req_desc, &req2);
+
+            use_ded_mem = ded_req.prefersDedicatedAllocation |
+                          ded_req.requiresDedicatedAllocation;
+            if (use_ded_mem)
+                ded_alloc.image = f->img[i];
+        }
+
+        err = alloc_mem(ctx, &req, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
+                        use_ded_mem ? &ded_alloc : ded_alloc.pNext,
+                        &f->flags, &f->mem[i]);
+        if (err) {
+            close(idesc.fd);
+            return err;
+        }
+
+        f->size[i] = desc->objects[i].size;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_layers; i++) {
+        const int planes = desc->layers[i].nb_planes;
+        const int signal_p = has_modifiers && (planes > 1);
+        for (int j = 0; j < planes; j++) {
+            VkImageAspectFlagBits aspect = j == 0 ? VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_0_BIT_EXT :
+                                           j == 1 ? VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_1_BIT_EXT :
+                                                    VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_2_BIT_EXT;
+
+            plane_info[bind_counts].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_PLANE_MEMORY_INFO;
+            plane_info[bind_counts].planeAspect = aspect;
+
+            bind_info[bind_counts].sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_MEMORY_INFO;
+            bind_info[bind_counts].pNext  = signal_p ? &plane_info[bind_counts] : NULL;
+            bind_info[bind_counts].image  = f->img[i];
+            bind_info[bind_counts].memory = f->mem[desc->layers[i].planes[j].object_index];
+            bind_info[bind_counts].memoryOffset = desc->layers[i].planes[j].offset;
+            bind_counts++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Bind the allocated memory to the images */
+    ret = vkBindImageMemory2(hwctx->act_dev, bind_counts, bind_info);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to bind memory: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+    }
+
+    /* NOTE: This is completely uneccesary and unneeded once we can import
+     * semaphores from DRM. Otherwise we have to activate the semaphores.
+     * We're reusing the exec context that's also used for uploads/downloads. */
+    err = prepare_frame(hwfc, &fp->conv_ctx, f, PREP_MODE_RO_SHADER);
+    if (err)
+        goto fail;
+
+    *frame = f;
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_layers; i++) {
+        vkDestroyImage(hwctx->act_dev, f->img[i], hwctx->alloc);
+        vkDestroySemaphore(hwctx->act_dev, f->sem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < desc->nb_objects; i++)
+        vkFreeMemory(hwctx->act_dev, f->mem[i], hwctx->alloc);
+
+    av_free(f);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_map_from_drm(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                               const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    AVVkFrame *f;
+    VulkanMapping *map = NULL;
+
+    if ((err = vulkan_map_from_drm_frame_desc(hwfc, &f, src)))
+        return err;
+
+    /* The unmapping function will free this */
+    dst->data[0] = (uint8_t *)f;
+    dst->width   = src->width;
+    dst->height  = src->height;
+
+    map = av_mallocz(sizeof(VulkanMapping));
+    if (!map)
+        goto fail;
+
+    map->frame = f;
+    map->flags = flags;
+
+    err = ff_hwframe_map_create(dst->hw_frames_ctx, dst, src,
+                                &vulkan_unmap_from, map);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_DEBUG, "Mapped DRM object to Vulkan!\n");
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    vulkan_frame_free(hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx, (uint8_t *)f);
+    av_free(map);
+    return err;
+}
+
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+static int vulkan_map_from_vaapi(AVHWFramesContext *dst_fc,
+                                 AVFrame *dst, const AVFrame *src,
+                                 int flags)
+{
+    int err;
+    AVFrame *tmp = av_frame_alloc();
+    AVHWFramesContext *vaapi_fc = (AVHWFramesContext*)src->hw_frames_ctx->data;
+    AVVAAPIDeviceContext *vaapi_ctx = vaapi_fc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    VASurfaceID surface_id = (VASurfaceID)(uintptr_t)src->data[3];
+
+    if (!tmp)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    /* We have to sync since like the previous comment said, no semaphores */
+    vaSyncSurface(vaapi_ctx->display, surface_id);
+
+    tmp->format = AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME;
+
+    err = av_hwframe_map(tmp, src, flags);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = vulkan_map_from_drm(dst_fc, dst, tmp, flags);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = ff_hwframe_map_replace(dst, src);
+
+fail:
+    av_frame_free(&tmp);
+    return err;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+static int vulkan_export_to_cuda(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc,
+                                 AVBufferRef *cuda_hwfc,
+                                 const AVFrame *frame)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVkFrame *dst_f;
+    AVVkFrameInternal *dst_int;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = hwfc->device_ctx;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(hwfc->sw_format);
+    VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetMemoryFdKHR);
+    VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR);
+
+    AVHWFramesContext *cuda_fc = (AVHWFramesContext*)cuda_hwfc->data;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *cuda_cu = cuda_fc->device_ctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContext *cuda_dev = cuda_cu->hwctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContextInternal *cu_internal = cuda_dev->internal;
+    CudaFunctions *cu = cu_internal->cuda_dl;
+    CUarray_format cufmt = desc->comp[0].depth > 8 ? CU_AD_FORMAT_UNSIGNED_INT16 :
+                                                     CU_AD_FORMAT_UNSIGNED_INT8;
+
+    dst_f = (AVVkFrame *)frame->data[0];
+
+    dst_int = dst_f->internal;
+    if (!dst_int || !dst_int->cuda_fc_ref) {
+        if (!dst_f->internal)
+            dst_f->internal = dst_int = av_mallocz(sizeof(*dst_f->internal));
+
+        if (!dst_int) {
+            err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        dst_int->cuda_fc_ref = av_buffer_ref(cuda_hwfc);
+        if (!dst_int->cuda_fc_ref) {
+            err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_MIPMAPPED_ARRAY_DESC tex_desc = {
+                .offset = 0,
+                .arrayDesc = {
+                    .Depth = 0,
+                    .Format = cufmt,
+                    .NumChannels = 1 + ((planes == 2) && i),
+                    .Flags = 0,
+                },
+                .numLevels = 1,
+            };
+            CUDA_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_DESC ext_desc = {
+                .type = CU_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD,
+                .size = dst_f->size[i],
+            };
+            VkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR export_info = {
+                .sType      = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_GET_FD_INFO_KHR,
+                .memory     = dst_f->mem[i],
+                .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT_KHR,
+            };
+            VkSemaphoreGetFdInfoKHR sem_export = {
+                .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_GET_FD_INFO_KHR,
+                .semaphore = dst_f->sem[i],
+                .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD_BIT,
+            };
+            CUDA_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_DESC ext_sem_desc = {
+                .type = CU_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_HANDLE_TYPE_OPAQUE_FD,
+            };
+
+            int p_w, p_h;
+            get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, hwfc->sw_format, hwfc->width, hwfc->height, i);
+
+            tex_desc.arrayDesc.Width = p_w;
+            tex_desc.arrayDesc.Height = p_h;
+
+            ret = pfn_vkGetMemoryFdKHR(hwctx->act_dev, &export_info,
+                                       &ext_desc.handle.fd);
+            if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+                av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to export the image as a FD!\n");
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuImportExternalMemory(&dst_int->ext_mem[i], &ext_desc));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuExternalMemoryGetMappedMipmappedArray(&dst_int->cu_mma[i],
+                                                                       dst_int->ext_mem[i],
+                                                                       &tex_desc));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuMipmappedArrayGetLevel(&dst_int->cu_array[i],
+                                                        dst_int->cu_mma[i], 0));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            ret = pfn_vkGetSemaphoreFdKHR(hwctx->act_dev, &sem_export,
+                                          &ext_sem_desc.handle.fd);
+            if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+                av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to export semaphore: %s\n",
+                       vk_ret2str(ret));
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuImportExternalSemaphore(&dst_int->cu_sem[i],
+                                                         &ext_sem_desc));
+            if (ret < 0) {
+                err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+                goto fail;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_transfer_data_from_cuda(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc,
+                                          AVFrame *dst, const AVFrame *src)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    CUcontext dummy;
+    AVVkFrame *dst_f;
+    AVVkFrameInternal *dst_int;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    AVHWFramesContext *cuda_fc = (AVHWFramesContext*)src->hw_frames_ctx->data;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *cuda_cu = cuda_fc->device_ctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContext *cuda_dev = cuda_cu->hwctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContextInternal *cu_internal = cuda_dev->internal;
+    CudaFunctions *cu = cu_internal->cuda_dl;
+    CUDA_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_WAIT_PARAMS s_w_par[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    CUDA_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_SIGNAL_PARAMS s_s_par[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPushCurrent(cuda_dev->cuda_ctx));
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+
+    dst_f = (AVVkFrame *)dst->data[0];
+
+    ret = vulkan_export_to_cuda(hwfc, src->hw_frames_ctx, dst);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+        return ret;
+    }
+
+    dst_int = dst_f->internal;
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuWaitExternalSemaphoresAsync(dst_int->cu_sem, s_w_par,
+                                                     planes, cuda_dev->stream));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        CUDA_MEMCPY2D cpy = {
+            .srcMemoryType = CU_MEMORYTYPE_DEVICE,
+            .srcDevice     = (CUdeviceptr)src->data[i],
+            .srcPitch      = src->linesize[i],
+            .srcY          = 0,
+
+            .dstMemoryType = CU_MEMORYTYPE_ARRAY,
+            .dstArray      = dst_int->cu_array[i],
+        };
+
+        int p_w, p_h;
+        get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, hwfc->sw_format, hwfc->width, hwfc->height, i);
+
+        cpy.WidthInBytes = p_w * desc->comp[i].step;
+        cpy.Height = p_h;
+
+        ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuMemcpy2DAsync(&cpy, cuda_dev->stream));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuSignalExternalSemaphoresAsync(dst_int->cu_sem, s_s_par,
+                                                       planes, cuda_dev->stream));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+
+    av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Transfered CUDA image to Vulkan!\n");
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+    vulkan_free_internal(dst_int);
+    dst_f->internal = NULL;
+    av_buffer_unref(&dst->buf[0]);
+    return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int vulkan_map_to(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                         const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    av_unused VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    switch (src->format) {
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_VAAPI:
+        if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY)
+            return vulkan_map_from_vaapi(hwfc, dst, src, flags);
+#endif
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME:
+        if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY)
+            return vulkan_map_from_drm(hwfc, dst, src, flags);
+#endif
+    default:
+        return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+    }
+}
+
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+typedef struct VulkanDRMMapping {
+    AVDRMFrameDescriptor drm_desc;
+    AVVkFrame *source;
+} VulkanDRMMapping;
+
+static void vulkan_unmap_to_drm(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, HWMapDescriptor *hwmap)
+{
+    AVDRMFrameDescriptor *drm_desc = hwmap->priv;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < drm_desc->nb_objects; i++)
+        close(drm_desc->objects[i].fd);
+
+    av_free(drm_desc);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t vulkan_fmt_to_drm(VkFormat vkfmt)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < FF_ARRAY_ELEMS(vulkan_drm_format_map); i++)
+        if (vulkan_drm_format_map[i].vk_format == vkfmt)
+            return vulkan_drm_format_map[i].drm_fourcc;
+    return DRM_FORMAT_INVALID;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_map_to_drm(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                             const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVkFrame *f = (AVVkFrame *)src->data[0];
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = hwfc->device_ctx->hwctx;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+    VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetMemoryFdKHR);
+    VkImageDrmFormatModifierPropertiesEXT drm_mod = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PROPERTIES_EXT,
+    };
+
+    AVDRMFrameDescriptor *drm_desc = av_mallocz(sizeof(*drm_desc));
+    if (!drm_desc)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    err = prepare_frame(hwfc, &fp->conv_ctx, f, PREP_MODE_EXTERNAL_EXPORT);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto end;
+
+    err = ff_hwframe_map_create(src->hw_frames_ctx, dst, src, &vulkan_unmap_to_drm, drm_desc);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto end;
+
+    if (p->extensions & EXT_DRM_MODIFIER_FLAGS) {
+        VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetImageDrmFormatModifierPropertiesEXT);
+        ret = pfn_vkGetImageDrmFormatModifierPropertiesEXT(hwctx->act_dev, f->img[0],
+                                                           &drm_mod);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to retrieve DRM format modifier!\n");
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto end;
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; (i < planes) && (f->mem[i]); i++) {
+        VkMemoryGetFdInfoKHR export_info = {
+            .sType      = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_GET_FD_INFO_KHR,
+            .memory     = f->mem[i],
+            .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT,
+        };
+
+        ret = pfn_vkGetMemoryFdKHR(hwctx->act_dev, &export_info,
+                                   &drm_desc->objects[i].fd);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unable to export the image as a FD!\n");
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto end;
+        }
+
+        drm_desc->nb_objects++;
+        drm_desc->objects[i].size = f->size[i];
+        drm_desc->objects[i].format_modifier = drm_mod.drmFormatModifier;
+    }
+
+    drm_desc->nb_layers = planes;
+    for (int i = 0; i < drm_desc->nb_layers; i++) {
+        VkSubresourceLayout layout;
+        VkImageSubresource sub = {
+            .aspectMask = p->extensions & EXT_DRM_MODIFIER_FLAGS ?
+                          VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_0_BIT_EXT :
+                          VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+        };
+        VkFormat plane_vkfmt = av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(hwfc->sw_format)[i];
+
+        drm_desc->layers[i].format    = vulkan_fmt_to_drm(plane_vkfmt);
+        drm_desc->layers[i].nb_planes = 1;
+
+        if (drm_desc->layers[i].format == DRM_FORMAT_INVALID) {
+            av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Cannot map to DRM layer, unsupported!\n");
+            err = AVERROR_PATCHWELCOME;
+            goto end;
+        }
+
+        drm_desc->layers[i].planes[0].object_index = FFMIN(i, drm_desc->nb_objects - 1);
+
+        if (f->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL)
+            continue;
+
+        vkGetImageSubresourceLayout(hwctx->act_dev, f->img[i], &sub, &layout);
+        drm_desc->layers[i].planes[0].offset       = layout.offset;
+        drm_desc->layers[i].planes[0].pitch        = layout.rowPitch;
+    }
+
+    dst->width   = src->width;
+    dst->height  = src->height;
+    dst->data[0] = (uint8_t *)drm_desc;
+
+    av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Mapped AVVkFrame to a DRM object!\n");
+
+    return 0;
+
+end:
+    av_free(drm_desc);
+    return err;
+}
+
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+static int vulkan_map_to_vaapi(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                               const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    int err;
+    AVFrame *tmp = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!tmp)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    tmp->format = AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME;
+
+    err = vulkan_map_to_drm(hwfc, tmp, src, flags);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = av_hwframe_map(dst, tmp, flags);
+    if (err < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    err = ff_hwframe_map_replace(dst, src);
+
+fail:
+    av_frame_free(&tmp);
+    return err;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+static int vulkan_map_from(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                           const AVFrame *src, int flags)
+{
+    av_unused VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    switch (dst->format) {
+#if CONFIG_LIBDRM
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_DRM_PRIME:
+        if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY)
+            return vulkan_map_to_drm(hwfc, dst, src, flags);
+#if CONFIG_VAAPI
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_VAAPI:
+        if (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_DMABUF_MEMORY)
+            return vulkan_map_to_vaapi(hwfc, dst, src, flags);
+#endif
+#endif
+    default:
+        return vulkan_map_frame_to_mem(hwfc, dst, src, flags);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct ImageBuffer {
+    VkBuffer buf;
+    VkDeviceMemory mem;
+    VkMemoryPropertyFlagBits flags;
+    int mapped_mem;
+} ImageBuffer;
+
+static void free_buf(void *opaque, uint8_t *data)
+{
+    AVHWDeviceContext *ctx = opaque;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)data;
+
+    if (vkbuf->buf)
+        vkDestroyBuffer(hwctx->act_dev, vkbuf->buf, hwctx->alloc);
+    if (vkbuf->mem)
+        vkFreeMemory(hwctx->act_dev, vkbuf->mem, hwctx->alloc);
+
+    av_free(data);
+}
+
+static size_t get_req_buffer_size(VulkanDevicePriv *p, int *stride, int height)
+{
+    size_t size;
+    *stride = FFALIGN(*stride, p->props.properties.limits.optimalBufferCopyRowPitchAlignment);
+    size = height*(*stride);
+    size = FFALIGN(size, p->props.properties.limits.minMemoryMapAlignment);
+    return size;
+}
+
+static int create_buf(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, AVBufferRef **buf,
+                      VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlagBits flags,
+                      size_t size, uint32_t req_memory_bits, int host_mapped,
+                      void *create_pnext, void *alloc_pnext)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    int use_ded_mem;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+
+    VkBufferCreateInfo buf_spawn = {
+        .sType       = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+        .pNext       = create_pnext,
+        .usage       = usage,
+        .size        = size,
+        .sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE,
+    };
+
+    VkBufferMemoryRequirementsInfo2 req_desc = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO_2,
+    };
+    VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo ded_alloc = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO,
+        .pNext = alloc_pnext,
+    };
+    VkMemoryDedicatedRequirements ded_req = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_REQUIREMENTS,
+    };
+    VkMemoryRequirements2 req = {
+        .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2,
+        .pNext = &ded_req,
+    };
+
+    ImageBuffer *vkbuf = av_mallocz(sizeof(*vkbuf));
+    if (!vkbuf)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
+    vkbuf->mapped_mem = host_mapped;
+
+    ret = vkCreateBuffer(hwctx->act_dev, &buf_spawn, NULL, &vkbuf->buf);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to create buffer: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    req_desc.buffer = vkbuf->buf;
+
+    vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements2(hwctx->act_dev, &req_desc, &req);
+
+    /* In case the implementation prefers/requires dedicated allocation */
+    use_ded_mem = ded_req.prefersDedicatedAllocation |
+                  ded_req.requiresDedicatedAllocation;
+    if (use_ded_mem)
+        ded_alloc.buffer = vkbuf->buf;
+
+    /* Additional requirements imposed on us */
+    if (req_memory_bits)
+        req.memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits &= req_memory_bits;
+
+    err = alloc_mem(ctx, &req.memoryRequirements, flags,
+                    use_ded_mem ? &ded_alloc : (void *)ded_alloc.pNext,
+                    &vkbuf->flags, &vkbuf->mem);
+    if (err)
+        goto fail;
+
+    ret = vkBindBufferMemory(hwctx->act_dev, vkbuf->buf, vkbuf->mem, 0);
+    if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+        av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to bind memory to buffer: %s\n",
+               vk_ret2str(ret));
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    *buf = av_buffer_create((uint8_t *)vkbuf, sizeof(*vkbuf), free_buf, ctx, 0);
+    if (!(*buf)) {
+        err = AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    free_buf(ctx, (uint8_t *)vkbuf);
+    return err;
+}
+
+/* Skips mapping of host mapped buffers but still invalidates them */
+static int map_buffers(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, AVBufferRef **bufs, uint8_t *mem[],
+                       int nb_buffers, int invalidate)
+{
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VkMappedMemoryRange invalidate_ctx[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    int invalidate_count = 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nb_buffers; i++) {
+        ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)bufs[i]->data;
+        if (vkbuf->mapped_mem)
+            continue;
+
+        ret = vkMapMemory(hwctx->act_dev, vkbuf->mem, 0,
+                          VK_WHOLE_SIZE, 0, (void **)&mem[i]);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to map buffer memory: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+            return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!invalidate)
+        return 0;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nb_buffers; i++) {
+        ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)bufs[i]->data;
+        const VkMappedMemoryRange ival_buf = {
+            .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE,
+            .memory = vkbuf->mem,
+            .size   = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+        };
+
+        /* For host imported memory Vulkan says to use platform-defined
+         * sync methods, but doesn't really say not to call flush or invalidate
+         * on original host pointers. It does explicitly allow to do that on
+         * host-mapped pointers which are then mapped again using vkMapMemory,
+         * but known implementations return the original pointers when mapped
+         * again. */
+        if (vkbuf->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT)
+            continue;
+
+        invalidate_ctx[invalidate_count++] = ival_buf;
+    }
+
+    if (invalidate_count) {
+        ret = vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges(hwctx->act_dev, invalidate_count,
+                                             invalidate_ctx);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS)
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "Failed to invalidate memory: %s\n",
+                   vk_ret2str(ret));
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int unmap_buffers(AVHWDeviceContext *ctx, AVBufferRef **bufs,
+                         int nb_buffers, int flush)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = ctx->hwctx;
+    VkMappedMemoryRange flush_ctx[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+    int flush_count = 0;
+
+    if (flush) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < nb_buffers; i++) {
+            ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)bufs[i]->data;
+            const VkMappedMemoryRange flush_buf = {
+                .sType  = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MAPPED_MEMORY_RANGE,
+                .memory = vkbuf->mem,
+                .size   = VK_WHOLE_SIZE,
+            };
+
+            if (vkbuf->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT)
+                continue;
+
+            flush_ctx[flush_count++] = flush_buf;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (flush_count) {
+        ret = vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges(hwctx->act_dev, flush_count, flush_ctx);
+        if (ret != VK_SUCCESS) {
+            av_log(ctx, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Failed to flush memory: %s\n",
+                    vk_ret2str(ret));
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL; /* We still want to try to unmap them */
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < nb_buffers; i++) {
+        ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)bufs[i]->data;
+        if (vkbuf->mapped_mem)
+            continue;
+
+        vkUnmapMemory(hwctx->act_dev, vkbuf->mem);
+    }
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int transfer_image_buf(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, const AVFrame *f,
+                              AVBufferRef **bufs, size_t *buf_offsets,
+                              const int *buf_stride, int w,
+                              int h, enum AVPixelFormat pix_fmt, int to_buf)
+{
+    int err;
+    AVVkFrame *frame = (AVVkFrame *)f->data[0];
+    VulkanFramesPriv *fp = hwfc->internal->priv;
+
+    int bar_num = 0;
+    VkPipelineStageFlagBits sem_wait_dst[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS];
+
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(pix_fmt);
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(pix_fmt);
+
+    VkImageMemoryBarrier img_bar[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    VulkanExecCtx *ectx = to_buf ? &fp->download_ctx : &fp->upload_ctx;
+    VkCommandBuffer cmd_buf = get_buf_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx);
+
+    VkSubmitInfo s_info = {
+        .sType                = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+        .pSignalSemaphores    = frame->sem,
+        .pWaitSemaphores      = frame->sem,
+        .pWaitDstStageMask    = sem_wait_dst,
+        .signalSemaphoreCount = planes,
+        .waitSemaphoreCount   = planes,
+    };
+
+    if ((err = wait_start_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx)))
+        return err;
+
+    /* Change the image layout to something more optimal for transfers */
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        VkImageLayout new_layout = to_buf ? VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL :
+                                            VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
+        VkAccessFlags new_access = to_buf ? VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT :
+                                            VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
+
+        sem_wait_dst[i] = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+
+        /* If the layout matches and we have read access skip the barrier */
+        if ((frame->layout[i] == new_layout) && (frame->access[i] & new_access))
+            continue;
+
+        img_bar[bar_num].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+        img_bar[bar_num].srcAccessMask = 0x0;
+        img_bar[bar_num].dstAccessMask = new_access;
+        img_bar[bar_num].oldLayout = frame->layout[i];
+        img_bar[bar_num].newLayout = new_layout;
+        img_bar[bar_num].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+        img_bar[bar_num].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
+        img_bar[bar_num].image = frame->img[i];
+        img_bar[bar_num].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+        img_bar[bar_num].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+        img_bar[bar_num].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+
+        frame->layout[i] = img_bar[bar_num].newLayout;
+        frame->access[i] = img_bar[bar_num].dstAccessMask;
+
+        bar_num++;
+    }
+
+    if (bar_num)
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd_buf, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+                             VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
+                             0, NULL, 0, NULL, bar_num, img_bar);
+
+    /* Schedule a copy for each plane */
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        ImageBuffer *vkbuf = (ImageBuffer *)bufs[i]->data;
+        VkBufferImageCopy buf_reg = {
+            .bufferOffset = buf_offsets[i],
+            .bufferRowLength = buf_stride[i] / desc->comp[i].step,
+            .imageSubresource.layerCount = 1,
+            .imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT,
+            .imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0, },
+        };
+
+        int p_w, p_h;
+        get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, pix_fmt, w, h, i);
+
+        buf_reg.bufferImageHeight = p_h;
+        buf_reg.imageExtent = (VkExtent3D){ p_w, p_h, 1, };
+
+        if (to_buf)
+            vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(cmd_buf, frame->img[i], frame->layout[i],
+                                   vkbuf->buf, 1, &buf_reg);
+        else
+            vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmd_buf, vkbuf->buf, frame->img[i],
+                                   frame->layout[i], 1, &buf_reg);
+    }
+
+    /* When uploading, do this asynchronously if the source is refcounted by
+     * keeping the buffers as a submission dependency.
+     * The hwcontext is guaranteed to not be freed until all frames are freed
+     * in the frames_unint function.
+     * When downloading to buffer, do this synchronously and wait for the
+     * queue submission to finish executing */
+    if (!to_buf) {
+        int ref;
+        for (ref = 0; ref < AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS; ref++) {
+            if (!f->buf[ref])
+                break;
+            if ((err = add_buf_dep_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx, &f->buf[ref], 1)))
+                return err;
+        }
+        if (ref && (err = add_buf_dep_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx, bufs, planes)))
+            return err;
+        return submit_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx, &s_info, !ref);
+    } else {
+        return submit_exec_ctx(hwfc, ectx, &s_info,    1);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vulkan_transfer_data(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, const AVFrame *vkf,
+                                const AVFrame *swf, int from)
+{
+    int err = 0;
+    VkResult ret;
+    AVVkFrame *f = (AVVkFrame *)vkf->data[0];
+    AVHWDeviceContext *dev_ctx = hwfc->device_ctx;
+    AVVulkanDeviceContext *hwctx = dev_ctx->hwctx;
+    VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    AVFrame tmp;
+    AVBufferRef *bufs[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    size_t buf_offsets[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+
+    int p_w, p_h;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(swf->format);
+
+    int host_mapped[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    const int map_host = !!(p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_HOST_MEMORY);
+
+    VK_LOAD_PFN(hwctx->inst, vkGetMemoryHostPointerPropertiesEXT);
+
+    if ((swf->format != AV_PIX_FMT_NONE && !av_vkfmt_from_pixfmt(swf->format))) {
+        av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_ERROR, "Unsupported software frame pixel format!\n");
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+    }
+
+    if (swf->width > hwfc->width || swf->height > hwfc->height)
+        return AVERROR(EINVAL);
+
+    /* For linear, host visiable images */
+    if (f->tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR &&
+        f->flags & VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT) {
+        AVFrame *map = av_frame_alloc();
+        if (!map)
+            return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+        map->format = swf->format;
+
+        err = vulkan_map_frame_to_mem(hwfc, map, vkf, AV_HWFRAME_MAP_WRITE);
+        if (err)
+            return err;
+
+        err = av_frame_copy((AVFrame *)(from ? swf : map), from ? map : swf);
+        av_frame_free(&map);
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    /* Create buffers */
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        size_t req_size;
+
+        VkExternalMemoryBufferCreateInfo create_desc = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO,
+            .handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_HOST_ALLOCATION_BIT_EXT,
+        };
+
+        VkImportMemoryHostPointerInfoEXT import_desc = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_MEMORY_HOST_POINTER_INFO_EXT,
+            .handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_HOST_ALLOCATION_BIT_EXT,
+        };
+
+        VkMemoryHostPointerPropertiesEXT p_props = {
+            .sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_HOST_POINTER_PROPERTIES_EXT,
+        };
+
+        get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, swf->format, swf->width, swf->height, i);
+
+        tmp.linesize[i] = FFABS(swf->linesize[i]);
+
+        /* Do not map images with a negative stride */
+        if (map_host && swf->linesize[i] > 0) {
+            size_t offs;
+            offs = (uintptr_t)swf->data[i] % p->hprops.minImportedHostPointerAlignment;
+            import_desc.pHostPointer = swf->data[i] - offs;
+
+            /* We have to compensate for the few extra bytes of padding we
+             * completely ignore at the start */
+            req_size = FFALIGN(offs + tmp.linesize[i] * p_h,
+                               p->hprops.minImportedHostPointerAlignment);
+
+            ret = pfn_vkGetMemoryHostPointerPropertiesEXT(hwctx->act_dev,
+                                                          import_desc.handleType,
+                                                          import_desc.pHostPointer,
+                                                          &p_props);
+
+            if (ret == VK_SUCCESS) {
+                host_mapped[i] = 1;
+                buf_offsets[i] = offs;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!host_mapped[i])
+            req_size = get_req_buffer_size(p, &tmp.linesize[i], p_h);
+
+        err = create_buf(dev_ctx, &bufs[i],
+                         from ? VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT :
+                                VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT,
+                         VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT,
+                         req_size, p_props.memoryTypeBits, host_mapped[i],
+                         host_mapped[i] ? &create_desc : NULL,
+                         host_mapped[i] ? &import_desc : NULL);
+        if (err)
+            goto end;
+    }
+
+    if (!from) {
+        /* Map, copy image to buffer, unmap */
+        if ((err = map_buffers(dev_ctx, bufs, tmp.data, planes, 0)))
+            goto end;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            if (host_mapped[i])
+                continue;
+
+            get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, swf->format, swf->width, swf->height, i);
+
+            av_image_copy_plane(tmp.data[i], tmp.linesize[i],
+                                (const uint8_t *)swf->data[i], swf->linesize[i],
+                                FFMIN(tmp.linesize[i], FFABS(swf->linesize[i])),
+                                p_h);
+        }
+
+        if ((err = unmap_buffers(dev_ctx, bufs, planes, 1)))
+            goto end;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy buffers into/from image */
+    err = transfer_image_buf(hwfc, vkf, bufs, buf_offsets, tmp.linesize,
+                             swf->width, swf->height, swf->format, from);
+
+    if (from) {
+        /* Map, copy image to buffer, unmap */
+        if ((err = map_buffers(dev_ctx, bufs, tmp.data, planes, 0)))
+            goto end;
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+            if (host_mapped[i])
+                continue;
+
+            get_plane_wh(&p_w, &p_h, swf->format, swf->width, swf->height, i);
+
+            av_image_copy_plane(swf->data[i], swf->linesize[i],
+                                (const uint8_t *)tmp.data[i], tmp.linesize[i],
+                                FFMIN(tmp.linesize[i], FFABS(swf->linesize[i])),
+                                p_h);
+        }
+
+        if ((err = unmap_buffers(dev_ctx, bufs, planes, 1)))
+            goto end;
+    }
+
+end:
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++)
+        av_buffer_unref(&bufs[i]);
+
+    return err;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_transfer_data_to(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                                   const AVFrame *src)
+{
+    av_unused VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    switch (src->format) {
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA:
+        if ((p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_MEMORY) &&
+            (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_SEM))
+            return vulkan_transfer_data_from_cuda(hwfc, dst, src);
+#endif
+    default:
+        if (src->hw_frames_ctx)
+            return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+        else
+            return vulkan_transfer_data(hwfc, dst, src, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+static int vulkan_transfer_data_to_cuda(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                                        const AVFrame *src)
+{
+    int err;
+    VkResult ret;
+    CUcontext dummy;
+    AVVkFrame *dst_f;
+    AVVkFrameInternal *dst_int;
+    const int planes = av_pix_fmt_count_planes(hwfc->sw_format);
+    const AVPixFmtDescriptor *desc = av_pix_fmt_desc_get(hwfc->sw_format);
+
+    AVHWFramesContext *cuda_fc = (AVHWFramesContext*)dst->hw_frames_ctx->data;
+    AVHWDeviceContext *cuda_cu = cuda_fc->device_ctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContext *cuda_dev = cuda_cu->hwctx;
+    AVCUDADeviceContextInternal *cu_internal = cuda_dev->internal;
+    CudaFunctions *cu = cu_internal->cuda_dl;
+    CUDA_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_WAIT_PARAMS s_w_par[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+    CUDA_EXTERNAL_SEMAPHORE_SIGNAL_PARAMS s_s_par[AV_NUM_DATA_POINTERS] = { 0 };
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPushCurrent(cuda_dev->cuda_ctx));
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+
+    dst_f = (AVVkFrame *)src->data[0];
+
+    err = vulkan_export_to_cuda(hwfc, dst->hw_frames_ctx, src);
+    if (err < 0) {
+        CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+        return err;
+    }
+
+    dst_int = dst_f->internal;
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuWaitExternalSemaphoresAsync(dst_int->cu_sem, s_w_par,
+                                                     planes, cuda_dev->stream));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < planes; i++) {
+        CUDA_MEMCPY2D cpy = {
+            .dstMemoryType = CU_MEMORYTYPE_DEVICE,
+            .dstDevice     = (CUdeviceptr)dst->data[i],
+            .dstPitch      = dst->linesize[i],
+            .dstY          = 0,
+
+            .srcMemoryType = CU_MEMORYTYPE_ARRAY,
+            .srcArray      = dst_int->cu_array[i],
+        };
+
+        int w, h;
+        get_plane_wh(&w, &h, hwfc->sw_format, hwfc->width, hwfc->height, i);
+
+        cpy.WidthInBytes = w * desc->comp[i].step;
+        cpy.Height = h;
+
+        ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuMemcpy2DAsync(&cpy, cuda_dev->stream));
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret = CHECK_CU(cu->cuSignalExternalSemaphoresAsync(dst_int->cu_sem, s_s_par,
+                                                       planes, cuda_dev->stream));
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        err = AVERROR_EXTERNAL;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+
+    av_log(hwfc, AV_LOG_VERBOSE, "Transfered Vulkan image to CUDA!\n");
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    CHECK_CU(cu->cuCtxPopCurrent(&dummy));
+    vulkan_free_internal(dst_int);
+    dst_f->internal = NULL;
+    av_buffer_unref(&dst->buf[0]);
+    return err;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int vulkan_transfer_data_from(AVHWFramesContext *hwfc, AVFrame *dst,
+                                     const AVFrame *src)
+{
+    av_unused VulkanDevicePriv *p = hwfc->device_ctx->internal->priv;
+
+    switch (dst->format) {
+#if CONFIG_CUDA
+    case AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA:
+        if ((p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_MEMORY) &&
+            (p->extensions & EXT_EXTERNAL_FD_SEM))
+            return vulkan_transfer_data_to_cuda(hwfc, dst, src);
+#endif
+    default:
+        if (dst->hw_frames_ctx)
+            return AVERROR(ENOSYS);
+        else
+            return vulkan_transfer_data(hwfc, src, dst, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+static int vulkan_frames_derive_to(AVHWFramesContext *dst_fc,
+                                   AVHWFramesContext *src_fc, int flags)
+{
+    return vulkan_frames_init(dst_fc);
+}
+
+AVVkFrame *av_vk_frame_alloc(void)
+{
+    return av_mallocz(sizeof(AVVkFrame));
+}
+
+const HWContextType ff_hwcontext_type_vulkan = {
+    .type                   = AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_VULKAN,
+    .name                   = "Vulkan",
+
+    .device_hwctx_size      = sizeof(AVVulkanDeviceContext),
+    .device_priv_size       = sizeof(VulkanDevicePriv),
+    .frames_hwctx_size      = sizeof(AVVulkanFramesContext),
+    .frames_priv_size       = sizeof(VulkanFramesPriv),
+
+    .device_init            = &vulkan_device_init,
+    .device_create          = &vulkan_device_create,
+    .device_derive          = &vulkan_device_derive,
+
+    .frames_get_constraints = &vulkan_frames_get_constraints,
+    .frames_init            = vulkan_frames_init,
+    .frames_get_buffer      = vulkan_get_buffer,
+    .frames_uninit          = vulkan_frames_uninit,
+
+    .transfer_get_formats   = vulkan_transfer_get_formats,
+    .transfer_data_to       = vulkan_transfer_data_to,
+    .transfer_data_from     = vulkan_transfer_data_from,
+
+    .map_to                 = vulkan_map_to,
+    .map_from               = vulkan_map_from,
+    .frames_derive_to       = &vulkan_frames_derive_to,
+
+    .pix_fmts = (const enum AVPixelFormat []) {
+        AV_PIX_FMT_VULKAN,
+        AV_PIX_FMT_NONE
+    },
+};
-- 
2.39.2