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Gentoo's Bugzilla – Attachment 59208 Details for
Bug 92622
New ALSA Guide
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Updated new alsa-guide.xml
alsa-guide.xml (text/plain), 22.92 KB, created by
Shyam Mani (RETIRED)
on 2005-05-18 04:16:36 UTC
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Updated new alsa-guide.xml
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Shyam Mani (RETIRED)
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2005-05-18 04:16:36 UTC
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><?xml version='1.0' encoding="UTF-8"?> > ><!DOCTYPE guide SYSTEM "/dtd/guide.dtd"> > ><guide link="/doc/en/alsa-guide.xml"> ><title>Gentoo Linux ALSA Guide</title> > ><author title="Author"> > <mail link="fox2mike@gmail.com">Shyam Mani</mail> ></author> > ><abstract> >This document helps a user setup ALSA on Gentoo Linux. ></abstract> > ><!-- The content of this document is licensed under the CC-BY-SA license --> ><!-- See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 --> ><license/> > ><version>1.0</version> ><date>2005-05-13</date> > ><chapter> ><title>Introduction</title> ><section> ><title>What is ALSA?</title> ><body> > ><p> >ALSA, which stands for <e>Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</e> provides audio >and MIDI (<e>Musical Instrument Digital Interface</e>) functionality to the >Linux operating system. ALSA is the default sound subsystem in the 2.6 kernel >thereby replacing OSS (<e>Open Sound System</e>), which was used in the 2.4 >kernels. ></p> > ><p> >ALSA's main features include efficient support for all types of audio >interfaces ranging from consumer soundcards to professional sound >equipment, fully modularized drivers, SMP and thread safety, backward >compatibility with OSS and a user-space library <c>alsa-lib</c> to make >application development a breeze. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>ALSA on Gentoo</title> ><body> > ><p> >One of Gentoo's main strengths lie in giving the user maximum control over >how a system is installed/configured. ALSA on Gentoo follows the same >principle. There are two ways you can get ALSA support up and running on your >system. We shall look at them in detail in the next chapter. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ></chapter> > ><chapter> ><title>Installing ALSA</title> ><section> ><title>Options Galore</title> ><body> > ><warn> >The methods shown in this guide are mutually exclusive. You cannot have ALSA >compiled in your kernel and try to use <c>media-sound/alsa-driver</c>. It >will fail. ></warn> > ><p> >The <uri link="#kernel">first</uri> method of getting ALSA support running on >Gentoo is to compile ALSA support into your kernel and is the >preferred/recommended one. The <uri link="#alsa-driver">second</uri> method is >to use <c>media-sound/alsa-driver</c> provided by Gentoo. We shall take a peek >into both before finally deciding on one. ></p> > ><p> >If you were to use ALSA provided by the kernel, the following are the pros and >cons : ></p> > ><table> ><tr> > <th>Kernel ALSA</th> > <th>Pros and Cons</th> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>+</th> > <ti>Pretty stable as drivers are integrated into kernel.</ti> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>+</th> > <ti>One shot solution, no repeating emerges.</ti> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>-</th> > <ti>Might be a slightly older version than <c>alsa-driver</c>.</ti> ></tr> ></table> > ><p> >And, if you were to use alsa-driver, ></p> > ><table> ><tr> > <th>alsa-driver</th> > <th>Pros and Cons</th> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>+</th> > <ti>Bleeding edge, latest drivers.</ti> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>-</th> > <ti>Every kernel recompile requires a re-emerge of <c>alsa-driver</c>.</ti> ></tr> ><tr> > <th>-</th> > <ti>Needs certain kernel config options disabled to work correctly.</ti> ></tr> ></table> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>So...</title> ><body> > ><p> >The main difference between using <c>alsa-driver</c> and ALSA that comes with >the kernel is that <c>alsa-driver</c> is generally more up to date than the >version in the kernel. Since this does not make any huge difference as >such, you are encouraged to use the ALSA provided by the kernel. ></p> > ><impo> ><c>genkernel</c> users have their config built such a way that the ALSA >sub-system in the kernel is active. Therefore <c>genkernel</c> users can >proceed to the <uri link="#doc_chap3_sect1">ALSA Utilities</uri> section >directly. ></impo> > ></body> ></section> ><section id="lspci"> ><title>Before you proceed</title> ><body> > ><p> >Whichever method of install you choose, you need to know what drivers your >soundcard uses. <c>lspci</c> will help us in finding out the same. Please ><c>emerge sys-apps/pciutils</c> to get <c>lspci</c>, if you don't already >have it installed. We now proceed to find out details about the soundcard. ></p> > ><pre caption="Soundcard Details"> ># <i>lspci -v | grep -i audio</i> >0000:00:0a.0 Multimedia audio controller: Creative Labs SB Live! EMU10k1 (rev 06) ></pre> > ><p> >We now know that the soundcard on the machine is a Sound Blaster Live! and >the card manufacturer is Creative Labs. Head over to the ><uri link="http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-doc/"> ALSA Soundcard Matrix</uri> >page and select Creative Labs from the drop down menu. You will be taken to >the Creative Labs matrix page where you can see that the SB Live! uses the ><c>emu10k1</c> module. That is the information we need for now. If you are >interested in detailed information, you can click on the link next to the >"Details" and that will take you to the <c>emu10k1</c> specific page. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section id="kernel"> ><title>Method 1 : For the kernel lovers</title> ><body> > ><p> >If you're a person who likes to keep things simple like I do, then this is >the way to go. ></p> > ><note> >Since the 2005.0 release, Gentoo Linux uses 2.6 as the default kernel. Unless >you are specifically using the 2.4 profile, <c>gentoo-sources</c> will be a >2.6 kernel on <e>most</e> architectures. Please check that your kernel is a >2.6 series kernel. This method will <e>NOT</e> work on a 2.4 kernel. ></note> > ><p> >Emerge the kernel sources of your choice. Here we'll use the ><c>gentoo-sources</c>. For more information on the various kernel sources >available on Portage, please look up the <uri >link="/doc/en/gentoo-kernel.xml">Gentoo Linux Kernel Guide</uri>. ></p> > ><pre caption="Getting the kernel sources"> ># <i>emerge gentoo-sources</i> ></pre> > ><p> >Now, lets get on with the task of configuring the kernel. ></p> > ><pre caption="Heading over to the source"> ># <i>cd /usr/src/linux</i> ># <i>make menuconfig</i> ></pre> > ><note> >The above example assumes that <path>/usr/src/linux</path> symlink points to >the kernel sources you want to use. Please ensure the same before proceeding. ></note> > ><p> >Now we will look at some of the options we will have to enable in the 2.6 >kernel to ensure proper ALSA support for our soundcard ></p> > ><note> >Please note that for the sake of ease, all examples show a modular kernel. It >is advisable to follow the same. Please do <e>NOT</e> skip the ><uri link="#doc_chap3_sect2">Configuration</uri> section of this document. If >you still like to have options built-in, ensure that you make changes to your >config accordingly. ></note> > ><pre caption="Kernel Options for ALSA"> >Device Drivers ---> > Sound ---> > ><comment>(This needs to be enabled)</comment> ><M> Sound card support > ><comment>(Make sure OSS is disabled)</comment> >Open Sound System ---> > < > Open Sound System (DEPRECATED) > ><comment>(Move one step back and enter ALSA)</comment> >Advanced Linux Sound Architecture ---> > <M> Advanced Linux Sound Architecture > <comment>(Select this if you want MIDI sequencing and routing)</comment> > <M> Sequencer support > <comment>(Old style /dev/mixer* and /dev/dsp* support. Recommended.)</comment> > <M> OSS Mixer API > <M> OSS PCM (digital audio) API > ><comment>(You now have a choice of devices to enable support for. Generally, >you will have one type of device and not more. If you have more than one >soundcard, please enable them all here.)</comment> > ><comment>(Mostly for testing and development purposes, not needed for normal >users unless you know what you are doing.)</comment> >Generic devices ---> > ><comment>(For ISA Sound cards)</comment> >ISA devices ---> ><comment>(IF you had the Gravis, you would select this option)</comment> > <M> Gravis UltraSound Extreme > ><comment>(Move one level back and into PCI devices. Most soundcards today are >PCI devices)</comment> >PCI devices ---> > <comment>(We now select the emu10k1 driver for our card)</comment> > <M> Emu10k1 (SB Live!, Audigy, E-mu APS) > <comment>(Or an Intel card would be)</comment> > <M> Intel/SiS/nVidia/AMD/ALi AC97 Controller > <comment>(Or if you have a VIA Card)</comment> > <M> VIA 82C686A/B, 8233/8235 AC97 Controller > ><comment>(Move one level back and select in case you have an USB sound card)</comment> >USB Devices ---> ></pre> > ><p> >Now that your options are set, you can (re)compile the kernel and ALSA support >for your card should be functional once you reboot into the new kernel. >You can now proceed to <uri link="#doc_chap3_sect1">ALSA Utilities</uri> and >see if everything is working as it should. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section id="alsa-driver"> ><title>Method 2 : ALSA Driver</title> ><body> > ><p> >So you've decided to go the <c>alsa-driver</c> way. Let's get started then. >There are a few minor things to be done to ensure only the drivers for your >soundcard are compiled. Although this is not really necessary, it cuts down >on the unecessary drivers that will be compiled otherwise. ></p> > ><p> >If you don't have an idea of what drivers your soundcard might need, please >take a look at <uri link="#lspci">this</uri> section of the guide. Once you >have your driver name (<c>emu10k1</c> in our example), edit ><path>/etc/make.conf</path> and add a variable, <c>ALSA_CARDS</c>. ></p> > ><pre caption="Adding ALSA_CARDS to make.conf"> ><comment>(For one soundcard)</comment> >ALSA_CARDS="emu10k1" ><comment>(For more than one, seperate names with spaces)</comment> >ALSA_CARDS="emu10k1 via82xx" ></pre> > ><p> >If you have compiled your kernel and want to use <c>alsa-driver</c>, please >ensure the following before proceeding, else <c>alsa-driver</c> is likely to >fail. <uri link="#doc_chap2_pre6">Code Listing 2.6</uri> gives you one way of >performing the checks. ></p> > ><ol> > <li> > <c>CONFIG_SOUND</c> is set. (Basic Sound support enabled) > </li> > <li> > <c>CONFIG_SOUND_PRIME</c> is not set. (In-built OSS support disabled) > </li> > <li> > <c>CONFIG_SND</c> is not set. (In-built ALSA support disabled) > </li> > <li> > <path>/usr/src/linux</path> points to the kernel you want ALSA working on. > </li> ></ol> > ><pre caption=".config checks"> ><comment>(Assuming the linux symlink points to the correct kernel)</comment> ># <i>cd /usr/src/linux</i> ># <i>grep SOUND .config</i> ><comment>(1. is true)</comment> >CONFIG_SOUND=y ><comment>(2. is true)</comment> >CONFIG_SOUND_PRIME is not set ># <i>grep SND .config</i> ><comment>(and 3. is true)</comment> >CONFIG_SND is not set ></pre> > ><p> >Now all you have to do is type the magic words...and no, its not abracadabra. ></p> > ><pre caption="Installing alsa-driver"> ># <i>emerge alsa-driver</i> ></pre> > ><impo> >Please note that you will have to run <c>emerge alsa-driver</c> after every >kernel (re)compile, as the earlier drivers are deleted. ></impo> > ></body> ></section> ></chapter> > ><chapter> ><title>Configuring/Testing ALSA</title> ><section> ><title>ALSA Utilities</title> ><body> > ><p> ><c>alsa-utils</c> forms an integral part of ALSA as it has a truckload of >programs that are highly useful, including the ALSA Initscripts. Hence we >strongly recommend that you install <c>alsa-utils</c> ></p> > ><pre caption="Install alsa-utils"> ># <i>emerge alsa-utils</i> ></pre> > ><note> >If you followed <uri link="#kernel">Method 1</uri> <e>AND</e> did not compile >ALSA as modules, please proceed to the ><uri link="#initscript">ALSA Initscript</uri> section. The rest of you need >to configure ALSA. This is made very easy by the existence of the ><c>alsaconf</c> tool provided by <c>alsa-utils</c>. ></note> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>Configuration</title> ><body> > ><note> >Please shut down any programs that <e>might</e> access the soundcard while >running <c>alsaconf</c>. ></note> > ><p> >The easiest way to configure your soundcard is to run <c>alsaconf</c>. Just >type <c>alsaconf</c> in a shell as root. ></p> > ><pre caption="Invoking alsaconf"> ># <i>alsaconf</i> ></pre> > ><p> >You will now see a neat menu guided interface that will automatically probe >your devices and try to find out your soundcard. Once that's done, it will >inform you of the same and ask you permission to automatically make required >changes to <path>/etc/modules.d/alsa</path>. It will then ask you to check >your volume settings as it automatically mutes them. We will do this in the >following sections. Once <c>alsaconf</c> exits successfully, you can continue >by setting up ALSA's Initscript. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section id="initscript"> ><title>ALSA Initscript</title> ><body> > ><p> >We're now almost all setup. Whichever method you chose to install ALSA, you'll >need to have something load your modules or initialize ALSA and restore your >volume settings when you system comes up. The ALSA Initscript handles all of >this for you and is called <c>alsasound</c>. Add it to the boot run-level. ></p> > ><pre caption="Adding ALSA to default"> ># <i>rc-update add alsasound boot</i> > * alsasound added to runlevel boot > * rc-update complete. ></pre> > ><p> >Next, just check the <path>/etc/conf.d/alsasound</path> file and ensure that >SAVE_ON_STOP variable is set to yes. This saves your sound settings when you >shutdown your system. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>Volume Check!</title> ><body> > ><p> >We've completed all the setups and pre-requisites, so let's fire up ALSA. ></p> > ><pre caption="Start the service"> ># <i>/etc/init.d/alsasound start</i> > * Loading ALSA modules ... > * Restoring Mixer Levels ... [ok] ></pre> > ><p> >Now that the required things have been take care of, we shall jack up the >volume as it is muted by default. We use <c>alsamixer</c> for this purpose. ></p> > ><pre caption="Starting alsamixer"> ><comment>(Opens up a console program. Only required settings are shown)</comment> ># <i>alsamixer</i> ></pre> > ><p> >This is how the ALSA Mixer <e>might</e> look the first time you open it. Pay >attention to the Master and PCM channels which both have an MM below them. >That means they are muted. If you try to play anything with <c>alsamixer</c> >in this state, you will not hear anything on your speakers. ></p> > ><figure link="alsamixer-muted.png" short="AlsaMixer Muted" caption="The Alsa Mixer Main Window, Muted"/> > ><p> >Now, we shall unmute the channels, and set volume levels as needed. ></p> > ><warn> >Both Master AND PCM need to be unmuted and set to audible volume levels if >you want to hear some output on your speakers. ></warn> > ><ul> > <li> > To move between channels, use your left and right arrow keys. (<- > & ->) > </li> > <li> > To toggle mute, move to the specific channel, for example Master and press > the <e>m</e> key on the keyboard. > </li> > <li> > To increase and decrease the volume levels, use the up and down arrow keys > respectively. > </li> ></ul> > ><note> >Be careful when setting your Bass and Treble values. 50 is usually a good >number for both. Extrememly high values of Bass may cause <e>jarring</e> >on speakers that are not designed to handle them. ></note> > ><p> >After you're all done, your ALSA Mixer should look similar to the one below. >Note the 00 instead of the MM and also the volume levels for some optimum >settings. ></p> > ><figure link="alsamixer.png" short="AlsaMixer Unmuted" caption="Alsa Mixer ready to roll"/> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>Sound Check!</title> ><body> > ><p> >Finally. Some music. If everything above is perfect, you should be able to now >listen to some good music. A quick way to test is to use a command line tool >like <c>media-sound/madplay</c>. You could aslo use something more well known >like <c>mpg123</c> or <c>xmms</c>. As always, <c>emerge</c> what you need. ></p> > ><pre caption="Getting the software"> ><comment>(Get any, or get all)</comment> ># <i>emerge madplay</i> ># <i>emerge mpg123</i> ># <i>emerge xmms</i> ></pre> > ><p> >And then play your favorite soundtrack... ></p> > ><pre caption="Playing Music"> ># <i>madplay -v /mnt/shyam/Music/Paul\ Oakenfold\ -\ Dread\ Rock.mp3</i> >MPEG Audio Decoder 0.15.2 (beta) - Copyright (C) 2000-2004 Robert Leslie et al. > Title: Dread Rock > Artist: Paul Oakenfold > Album: Matrix Reloaded > Year: 2003 > Genre: Soundtrack > Soundtrack > 00:04:19 Layer III, 160 kbps, 44100 Hz, joint stereo (MS), no CRC > ># <i>mpg123 /mnt/shyam/Music/Paul\ Oakenfold\ -\ Dread\ Rock.mp3</i> >High Performance MPEG 1.0/2.0/2.5 Audio Player for Layer 1, 2 and 3. >Version 0.59s-r9 (2000/Oct/27). Written and copyrights by Michael Hipp. >Uses code from various people. See 'README' for more! >THIS SOFTWARE COMES WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY! USE AT YOUR OWN RISK! >Title : Dread Rock Artist: Paul Oakenfold >Album : Matrix Reloaded Year : 2003 >Comment: Genre : Soundtrack > >Directory: /mnt/shyam/Music/ >Playing MPEG stream from Paul Oakenfold - Dread Rock.mp3 ... >Found new ID3 Header >MPEG 1.0 layer III, 160 kbit/s, 44100 Hz joint-stereo ></pre> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>Issues?</title> ><body> > ><p> >If for some reason you're unable to hear sound, the first thing to do would >be to check your <c>alsamixer</c> settings. 80% of the issues lie with muted >channels or low volume. Also check up your Window Manager's sound applet and >verify that volumes are set to audible levels. ></p> > ><p> ><path>/proc</path> is your friend. And in this case, <path>/proc/asound</path> >is your best friend. We shall just take a short look at how much info is made >available to us there. ></p> > ><pre caption="Fun with /proc/asound"> ><comment>(First and foremost, if /proc/asound/cards shows your card, ALSA has >picked up your sound card fine.)</comment> ># <i>cat /proc/asound/cards</i> >0 [Live ]: EMU10K1 - Sound Blaster Live! > Sound Blaster Live! (rev.6, serial:0x80271102) at 0xb800, irq 11 > ><comment>(If you run ALSA off the kernel like I do and wonder how far behind >you are from alsa-driver, this displays current running ALSA version)</comment> ># <i>cat /proc/asound/version</i> >Advanced Linux Sound Architecture Driver Version 1.0.8 (Thu Jan 13 09:39:32 2005 UTC). > ><comment>(ALSA OSS emulation details)</comment> ># <i>cat /proc/asound/oss/sndstat</i> >Sound Driver:3.8.1a-980706 (ALSA v1.0.8 emulation code) >Kernel: Linux airwolf.zion 2.6.11ac1 #2 Wed May 4 00:35:08 IST 2005 i686 >Config options: 0 > >Installed drivers: >Type 10: ALSA emulation > >Card config: >Sound Blaster Live! (rev.6, serial:0x80271102) at 0xb800, irq 11 > >Audio devices: >0: EMU10K1 (DUPLEX) > >Synth devices: NOT ENABLED IN CONFIG > >Midi devices: >0: EMU10K1 MPU-401 (UART) > >Timers: >7: system timer > >Mixers: >0: SigmaTel STAC9721/23 ></pre> > ></body> ></section> ></chapter> > ><chapter> ><title>Other things ALSA</title> ><section> ><title>Setting up MIDI support</title> ><body> > ><p> >If your soundcard is one of those that come with onboard MIDI synthesizers and >you would like to listen to some .mid files, you have to install <c>awesfx</c> >which is basically a set of utilities for controlling the AWE32 driver. We >need to install it first. If you don't have a hardware synthesizer, you can >use a virtual one. Please see the section on ><uri link="#vsynth">Virtual Synthesizers</uri> for more information. ></p> > ><pre caption="Installing awesfx"> ># <i>emerge awesfx</i> ></pre> > ><note> >You will need to copy over SoundFont (SF2) files from your soundcard's driver >CD or a Windows installation into <path>/usr/share/sounds/sf2/</path>. For >example a soundfont file for the Creative SBLive! card would be 8MBGMSFX.SF2. ></note> > ><p> >After copying over the Soundfont files, we can then play a midi file as shown. >You can also add the <c>asfxload</c> command to ><path>/etc/conf.d/local.start</path>, so that the soundfont is loaded >everytime the system starts up. ></p> > ><note> ><path>/mnt</path> paths mentioned in the code listing(s) below will <e>NOT</e> >be the same in your machine. They are just an example. Please be careful to >change the path to suit your machine. ></note> > ><pre caption="Loading Soundfonts"> ><comment>(First, copy the Soundfont)</comment> ># <i>cp /mnt/win2k/Program\ Files/CreativeSBLive2k/SFBank/8MBGMSFX.SF2 /usr/share/sounds/sf2/</i> ><comment>(We load the specific Soundfont)</comment> ># <i>asfxload /usr/share/sounds/sf2/8MBGMSFX.SF2</i> ></pre> > ><p> >You can now play midi files using a program like <c>aplaymidi</c>. Run ><c>aplaymidi -l</c> to get a list of available ports and then pick one >to play the file on. ></p> > ><pre caption="Playing MIDI"> ><comment>(Check open ports)</comment> ># <i>aplaymidi -l</i> > Port Client name Port name > 64:0 EMU10K1 MPU-401 (UART) EMU10K1 MPU-401 (UART) > 65:0 Emu10k1 WaveTable Emu10k1 Port 0 > 65:1 Emu10k1 WaveTable Emu10k1 Port 1 > 65:2 Emu10k1 WaveTable Emu10k1 Port 2 > 65:3 Emu10k1 WaveTable Emu10k1 Port 3 ><comment>(Pick a port, and play a mid file)</comment> ># <i> aplaymidi --port=65:0 /mnt/shyam/music/midi/mi2.mid</i> ></pre> > ></body> ></section> ><section id="vsynth"> ><title>Virtual Synthesizers</title> ><body> > ><p> >If your soundcard lacks a hardware synthesizer, you could use a virtual one >like <c>timidity++</c>. Installation is a breeze. ></p> > ><pre caption="Installing timidity++"> ># <i>emerge timidity++</i> ></pre> > ><p> >For timidity to play sounds, it needs a soundfont. If you do not have any, >install <c>timidity-eawpatches</c> or <c>timidity-shompatches</c> which will >give you some soundfonts. You can have multiple soundfont configurations >installed, and you can place your own in <path>/usr/share/timidity/</path>. >To switch between different timidity configurations, you should use the ><e>timidity-update</e> tool provided in the timidity++ package. ></p> > ><pre caption="Installing soundfonts"> ># <i>emerge timidity-eawpatches</i> ># <i>timidity-update -g -s eawpatches</i> > ><comment>(or)</comment> > ># <i>emerge timidity-shompatches</i> ># <i>timidity-update -g -s shompatches</i> ></pre> > ><p> >Don't forget to add <c>timidity</c> to the default runlevel. ></p> > ><pre caption="Adding timidity to the default runlevel"> ># <i>rc-update add timidity default</i> ># <i>/etc/init.d/timidity start</i> ></pre> > ><p> >You can now try out <uri link="#doc_chap4_pre3">Playing MIDI</uri> files. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>Tools and Firmware</title> ><body> > ><p> >Some specific sound cards can benefit from certain tools provided by the ><c>alsa-tools</c> and <c>alsa-firmware</c> packages. If you need ><c>alsa-tools</c>, be sure to define the ALSA_TOOLS variable in ><path>/etc/make.conf</path> with the tools you require. For instance: ></p> > ><pre caption="Selecting ALSA Tools in /etc/make.conf"> >ALSA_TOOLS="as10k1 ac3dec" ></pre> > ><p> >If the ALSA_TOOLS variable is not set, all available tools will be built. >Now, install the <c>alsa-tools</c> (and/or <c>alsa-firmware</c>) package(s): ></p> > ><pre caption="Installing ALSA Tools"> ># <i>emerge alsa-tools</i> ></pre> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>A Big thank you to...</title> ><body> > ><p> >Everyone who contributed to the earlier version of the Gentoo ALSA Guide: >Vincent Verleye, Grant Goodyear, Arcady Genkin, Jeremy Huddleston, >John P. Davis, Sven Vermeulen, Benny Chuang, Tiemo Kieft and Erwin. ></p> > ></body> ></section> ><section> ><title>References</title> ><body> > ><ul> > <li><uri link="http://www.alsa-project.org/">The ALSA Project</uri></li> > <li><uri link="http://linux-sound.org">Linux Sound/MIDI Software</uri></li> ></ul> > ></body> ></section> ></chapter> ></guide>
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