Attachment 26822 Details for Bug 43697 – hb-install-network.xml

hb-install-network.xml

hb-install-network.xml (text/xml), 18.56 KB, created by Sergey Kuleshov (RETIRED) on 2004-03-04 02:31:06 UTC

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Creator: Sergey Kuleshov (RETIRED)

Created: 2004-03-04 02:31:06 UTC

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><sections>
><section>
><title>Âû ìîæåòå ðàáîòàòü áåç íå¸, íî...</title>
><subsection>
><title>Êòî ìîæåò ðàáîòàòü áåç íå¸?</title>
><body>
>
>
>Â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñðåäû, â êîòîðóþ âû ñòàâèòå Gentoo,
>âû ìîæåòå èëè íå ìîæåòå ïðîîäîëæàòü óñòàíîâêó áåç íàñòðîéêè ñåòè (è Èíòåðíåòà). 
>
>
>Âîîáùå âàì íóæíî áóäåò óñòàíîâèòü ñåòü (è Èíòåðíåò). 
>Îäíàêî, Gentoo òàêæå îáåñïå÷èâaåò âîçìîæíîñòü óñòàíîâêè áåç íàñòðîéêè ñåòåâîãî ïîäêëþ÷åíèÿ.
>Ýòî âîçìîæíî òîëüêî ñî ñëåäóþùèìè íîñèòåëÿìè Gentoo.
>
><ul>
> <li>
> Gentoo x86 2-CD Installation LiveCD sets (âêëþ÷àÿ x86, i686, pentium3, 
> pentium4 è athlon-xp)
> </li>
> <li>
> Gentoo PPC 2-CD Installation LiveCD sets (âêëþ÷àÿ G3 è G4)
> </li>
></ul>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Äëÿ ÷åãî ìíå íóæíà ñåòü?</title>
><body>
>
>
>Óñòàíîâêà Gentoo èç Internet ïðèâåäåò ê ïîëíîìó îáíîâëåíèþ Gentoo Installation.
>Ó âàñ áóäåò èíñòàëÿöèÿ îñíîâàííàÿ íà ñàìîì ñîâðåìåííîì äðåâå Ïîðòåæåé
>(êîòîðûå ÿâëÿtòñÿ êîëëåêöèåé ïàêåòîâ, è ñîäåðæàò èíñòðóìåíòàëüíûå ñðåäñòâà
>äëÿ óïðàâëåíèÿ âàøèì ÏÎ). Ýòî îäíà èç ïðè÷èí òîãî, ÷òî ñåòåâàÿ óñòàíîâêà áîëåå æåëàòåëüíà.
>Îäíàêî, íåêîòîðûå ëþäè íå ìîãóò èëè íå õîòÿò
>óñòàíàâëèâàòü Gentoo íà êîìüþòå ÷åðåç Èíòåðíåò ñîåäèíåíèå.
>
>
>
>Åñëè ó âàñ ñëîæèëàñü òàêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, òî âàì íàäî áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàòü äâà óñòàíîâî÷íûõ CD. Ýòè äâà äèñêà
>ñîäåðæàò â ñåáå èñõîäíûå êîäû, îáðàçû äðåâà-ïîðòåæåé è óòèëèòû äëÿ
>óñòàíîâêè Gentoo. Ýòîò ìåòîä ïëîõ òåì, ÷òî ó âàñ íå áóäåò ñàìûõ ïîñëåäíèõ âåðñèé ïðîãðàìì, õîòÿ ðàçëè÷èè ìåæäó
>íèìè áóäóò ìèíèìàëüíû.
>
>
>
>Åñëè âû íå õîòèòå äåëàòü íàñòðîéêó è ñåòè è èñïîëçîâàòü óñòàíîâî÷íûå äèñêè, òî âû ìîæåòå ïðîïóñòèòü ýòîò ðàçäåë è ïåðåéòè ê
>ðàçäåëó <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ</uri>.
>Äàëåå ìû îïèøåì ïðîöåññ íàñòðîéêè ñåòè.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Îïöèíàëüíî: Íàñòðîéêà Ïðîêñè</title>
><body>
>
>
>Åñëè âû èñïîëüçóåòå äîñòóï ê Èíòåðíåò ÷åðåç ïðîêñè, òî âàì íóæíî ñíà÷àëà åãî óñòàíîâèòü è íàñòðîèòü.
>Ýòî äåëàåòñÿ î÷åíü ëåãêî: âàì òîëüêî íàäî çàäàòü ïåðåìåííóþ, êîòîðàÿ áóäåò ñîäåðæàòü èíôîðìàöèþ î ïðîêñè-ñåðâåðå. 
>
>
>Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, âû íóæíî òîëüêî çàäàòü ïåðåìåííûå, èñïîëüçóåìûå
>äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ èìåíè õîñòà ñåðâåðà.
>Äëÿ ïðèìåðà ìû áóäåì èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðîêñè ñ èìåíåì <e>proxy.gentoo.org</e> è 8080 ïîðòîì.
>
>
><pre caption="Çàäàíèå ïðîêñè ñåðâåðîâ">
><comment>(Åñëè ïðîêñè ôèëüòðóåò HTTP òðàôèê)</comment>
># export http_proxy="http://proxy.gentoo.org:8080"
><comment>(Åñëè ïðîêñè ôèëüòðóåò FTP òðàôèê)</comment>
># export ftp_proxy="ftp://proxy.gentoo.org:8080"
><comment>(Åñëè ïðîêñè ôèëüòðóåò RSYNC òðàôèê)</comment>
># export rsync_proxy="rsync://proxy.gentoo.org:8080"
></pre>
>
>
>Åñëè ïðîêñè òðåáóåò óêàçàíèÿ èìåíè ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ è åãî ïàðîëÿ, òî ïåðåìåííàÿ äîëæíà èìåòü ñëåäóþùèé ñèíòàêñèñ.
>
><pre caption="Äîáàâëåíèå èìåíè ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ/ïàðîëÿ ê ïåðåìåííîé">
>http://username:password@server
></pre>
>
>
>Íàïðèìåð, äëÿ ïðîêñèíãà HTTP ñ íàøåãî ïðåäûäóùåãî ïðîêñè-ñåðâåðà ñ èìåíåì ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ
>"john" è ïàðîëåì "f00b_r" ìîæíî ñäåëàòü òàê:
>
>
><pre caption="Àóòåíôèêàöèÿ ïðîêñè">
># export http_proxy="http://john:f00b_r@proxy.gentoo.org:8080"
></pre>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Óñòàíîâêà ñåòè â íå-Gentoo èíñòàëÿöèîííîé ñðåäå</title>
><body>
>
>
>Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü íèæå ïðèâåäåííîé èíôîðìàöèè ïðåäíàçíà÷åíà äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé ñòàâÿùèõ Gentoo ÷åðåç LiveCD.
>Îäíàêî, âû ìîæåòå óñòàíàâëèâàòü Gentoo è ñ äðóãèõ íîñèòåëåé.
>Åñëè ó âàñ ñëîæèëàñü òàêàÿ ñèòóàöèÿ, ïðîâåðüòå, ÷òî ó âàñ åñòü ðàáîòàþùåå Èíòåðíåò-ñîåäèíåíèå è ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri 
>link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ</uri>.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
></section>
><section>
><title>Àâòîìàòèåñêîå óñòàíîâêà ñåòè</title>
><subsection>
><title>Âîçìîæíî ëè ýòî?</title>
><body>
>
>
>Åñëè âàøà ñèñòåìà ïîäêëþ÷åíà ê ñåòè Ethernet ñ DHCP-ñåðâåðîì, òî âåðîÿòíåå âñåãî,
>÷òî âàøà ñåòü óæå áûëà àâòîìàòè÷åñêè óñòàíîâëåíà.
>Åñëè ýòî òàê, òî âû ìîæåòå âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâîì ìíîãèõ ñåòåâûõ êîìàíä
>âêëþ÷åííûõ â LiveCD. Ýòî òàêèå êîìàíäû êàê<c>ssh</c>, <c>scp</c>, 
><c>ping</c>, <c>irssi</c>, <c>wget</c>,<c>links</c>, è äðóãèìè.
>
>
>
>Åñëè ñåòü áûëà íàñòðîåíà, òî êîìàíäà <c>/sbin/ifconfig</c> 
>äîëæíà ïåðå÷èñëèòü äðóãèå ñåòåâûå èíòåðôåéñû ïîìèìî lo, íàïðèìåð eth0:
>
>
><pre caption="/sbin/ifconfig äëÿ ðàáîòàþùåé ñåòåâîé êàðòû">
># /sbin/ifconfig
>eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:8F:61:7A
> inet addr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
> inet6 addr: fe80::50:ba8f:617a/10 Scope:Link
> UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
> RX packets:1498792 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
> TX packets:1284980 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
> collisions:1984 txqueuelen:100
> RX bytes:485691215 (463.1 Mb) TX bytes:123951388 (118.2 Mb)
> Interrupt:11 Base address:0xe800 
></pre>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Ïðîâåðêà ñåòè</title>
><body>
>
>
>Âîçìîæíî âû çàõîòèòå ïðîïèíãîâàòü âàøè ISP'è DNS ñåðâåðà (èùèòå â
><path>/etc/resolv.conf</path>) è ïðîâåðèòü Âåá-ñàéòû íà òî, ÷òî âàìè îòïðàâëÿåìûå
>ïàêåòû èõ äîñòèãàþò, ÷òî DNS-èìåíà îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïðàâèëüíî, è.ò.ä.
>
>
><pre caption="Ïðîâåðàêà ñåòè">
># ping -c 3 www.yahoo.com
></pre>
>
>
>Íó êàê? Ðàáîòàåò âàøà ñåòü? Åñëè äà, òî ìîæåòå ïðîïóñòèòü ñëåäóþùèé ðàçäåë.
>Åñëè íåò, òî âàì ïðèéäåòñÿ íåìíîãî ïîïîòåòü:)
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
></section>
><section>
><title>Àâòîìàòè÷åñêàÿ íàñòðîéêà ñåòè</title>
><subsection>
><body>
>
>
>Åñëè ó âàñ äîâîëüíî áûñòðàÿ ñåòü, íåêîòîðûå èíñòàëëÿöèîííûå íîñèòåëè ïîçâîëÿþò âàì èñïîëüçîâàòü <c>ñåòåâóþ-óñòàíîâêó</c>
>(äëÿ ëîêàëüíûõ ñåòåé), <c>adsl-óñòàíîâêó</c> (äëÿ 
>ADSL-ïîëüçîâàòåëåé) èëè <c>pptp</c> (äëÿ PPTP-ïîëüçîâàòåëåé). 
>
>
>
>Åñëè âàøà èíñòàëÿöèîííàÿ ñðåäà íå ïîääåðæèâàåò íè îäíî âûøå óêàçàííîå èíñòðóìåíòàëüíîå ñðåäñòâî, òî ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó
><uri link="#doc_chap4">Ðó÷íàÿ íàñòðîéêà ñåòè</uri>.
>
>
><ul>
> <li>
> Ïîñòîÿííûå Ethernet-ïîëüçîâàòåëè ìîãóò ïåðåéòè ê ðàçäåëó <uri
> link="#doc_chap3_sect2">Ïî óìîë÷àíèþ: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñåòåâîé óñòàíîâêè.</uri>
> </li>
> <li>
> ADSL-ïîëüçîâàòåëè ìîãóò ïåðåéòè ê ðàçäåëó <uri link="#doc_chap3_sect3">Àëüòåðíàòèâà:
> Èñïîëüçîâàíèå RP-PPPoE</uri>
> </li>
> <li>
> PPTP-ïîëüçîâàòåëè ìîãóò ïåðåéòè ê ðàçäåëó <uri link="#doc_chap3_sect4">Àëüòåðíàòèâà:
> Èñïîëüçîâàíèå PPTP</uri>
> </li>
></ul>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Ïî óìîë÷àíèþ: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ñåòåâîé óñòàíîâêè.</title>
><body>
>
>
>Ñàìûé ïðîñòîé ñïîñîá íàñòðîèòü è óñòàíîâèòü ñåòü, åñëè ýòî íå áûëî ñäåëàíî àâòîìàòè÷åñêè, 
>èñïîëüçîâàòü ñêðèïò <c>net-setup</c>:
>
>
><pre caption="Çàïóñê ñêðèïòà net-setup">
># net-setup eth0
></pre>
>
>
><c>net-setup</c> çàäàñò âàì íåñêîëüêî âîïðîñîâ î âàøåé ñåòåâîé ñðåäå.
>Êîãäà âñå çàâåðøèòñÿ, ó âàñ áóäåò ðàáî÷àÿ ñåòü.
>Ïðîâåðüòå ðàáîòó âàøåé ñåòè êàê ýòî îïèñàíî âûøå.
>Åñëè òåñò ïðîøåë íîðìàëüíî, òî ïðèìèòå íàøè ïîçäðàâëåíèÿ - òåïåðü ìîæíî óñòàíàâëèâàòü Gentoo.
>Ïðîïóñòèòå îñòàâøóþñÿ ÷àñòü ýòîãî ðàçäåëà è ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri 
>link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ.</uri>.
>
>
>
>Åñëè æå âàøà ñåòü âñå ðàâíî íå ðàáîòàåò, òî ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri link="#doc_chap4">Ðó÷íàÿ
>íàñòðîéêà ñåòè</uri>.
>
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Àëüòåðíàòèâà: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå RP-PPPoE</title>
><body>
>
>
>Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî âàì íóæåí PPPoE äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ Èíòåðíåòîì, LiveCD (ëþáîé âåðñèè) 
>ñäåëàåò ýòî ëåãêî ïðè ïîìîùè <c>rp-pppoe</c>. Èñïîëüçóéòå ñêðèïò
><c>adsl-setup</c> äëÿ íàñòðîéêè âàøåãî ñîåäèíåíèÿ. Âàñ ñïðîñÿò î
>óñòðîéñòâàõ ethernet, êîòîðûå ñâÿçàíû ñ âàøèì adsl-ìîäåìîì, âàøå èìÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ, 
>ïàðîëü, IP âàøèõ DNS-ñåðâåðîâ è ñïðîñèò î òîì, íóæåí ëè âàì firewall èëè íåò.
>
>
><pre caption="Èñïîëüçîâàíèå rp-pppoe">
># adsl-setup
># adsl-start
></pre>
>
>
>Åñëè ÷òî-òî ïîøëî íå òàê, ïðîâåðüòå ïðàâèëüíî ëè âû ââåëè èìÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ è ïàðîëü, 
>ïîñìîòðåâ â <path>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</path> èëè 
><path>/etc/ppp/chap-secrets</path> è ïðîâåðüòå, ÷òî ïðàâèëüíî óêàçàëè
>ethernet-óñòðîéñòâî. Åñëè âàøå ethernet-óñòðîéñòâî íå ñóùåñòâóåò, âàì íàäî çàãðóçèòü ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå 
>ñåòåâûå ìîäóëè. Â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âàì íàäî ïåðåéòè ê ðàçäåëó
><uri link="#doc_chap4">Ðó÷íàÿ íàñòðîéêà ñåòè</uri> ò.ê. òàì ìû îáúÿñíÿåì êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü.
>
>
>
>Åñëè âñå çàðàáîòàëî, òî ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ</uri>.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Àëüòåðíàòèâà: Èñïîëüçîâàíèå PPTP</title>
><body>
>
>
>Åñëè âàì íóæíî ïîääåðæêà PPTP, âàì íàäî èñïîëüçîâàòü <c>pptpclient</c> êîòîðûé ïîñòàâëÿåòñÿ âìåñòå ñ âàøèì 
>LiveCD. Íî ñïåðâà íàäî ïðîâåðèòü, ÷òî ó âàñ âñå ïðàâèëüíî ñêîíôèãóðèðîâàíî.
>Ðåäàêòèðóéòå ôàéëû <path>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</path> èëè <path>/etc/ppp/chap-secrets</path> òàê,
>÷òîáû îíè ñîäåðæàëè ïðàâèëüíîå èìÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ è ïàðîëü.
>
>
><pre caption="Ðåäàêòèðîâàíèå /etc/ppp/chap-secrets">
># nano -w /etc/ppp/chap-secrets
></pre>
>
>
>Çàòåì, â ñëó÷àå íåîáõîäèìîñòè, ñêîððåêòèðóéòå <path>/etc/ppp/options.pptp</path>:
>
><pre caption="Êîððåêòèðîâàíèå /etc/ppp/options.pptp">
># nano -w /etc/ppp/options.pptp
></pre>
>
>
>Êîãäà âñå çàâåðøèòå, çàïóñòèòå <c>pptp</c> äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ñ ñåðâåðîì:
>
>
><pre caption="Ñîåäèíåíèå ñ dial-in ñåðâåðîì">
># pptp &lt;server ip&gt;
></pre>
>
>
>Òåïåðü ïåðåõîäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ</uri>.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
></section>
><section>
><title>Ðó÷íàÿ íàñòðîéêà ñåòè</title>
><subsection>
><title>Çàãðóçêà íóæíûõ ñåòåâûõ ìîäóëåé</title>
><body>
>
>
>Êîãäà Live CD çàãðóçèòñÿ, òî îí ïîïðîáóåò íàéòè âñå âàøè óñòðîéñòâà è çàãðóçèòü
>íóæíûå ìîäóëè (äðàéâåðû) äëÿ ïîääåðæêè âàøèõ óñòðîéñòâ. Â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ,
>ýòîãî äîñòàòî÷íî. Îäíàêî, â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, îí ìîæåò ýòîãî è íå ñäåëàòü.
>
>
>
>Åñëè <c>net-setup</c> èëè <c>adsl-setup</c> çàâåðøàòñÿ ñ îøèáêîé, òîãäà ñêîðåå âñåãî
>âàøà ñåòåâàÿ êàðòà íå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà. Ýòî îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî âàì ïðèäåòñÿ çàãðóçèòü íóæíûå ìîäóëè âðó÷íóþ.
>
>
>
>Âûÿñíèòü êàêèå ìîäóëè ñóùåñòâóþò äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ðàáîòû ñåòè, ìîæíî ïðè ïîìîùè êîìàíäû
><c>ls</c>:
>
>
><pre caption="Ïîèñê ìîäóëåé">
># ls /lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers/net
></pre>
>
>
>Åñëè âû íàøëè íóæíûé âàì äðàéâåð, èñïîëüçóéòå êîìàíäó <c>modprobe</c> äëÿ çàãðóçêè íóæíîãî ìîäóëÿ:
>
>
><pre caption="Èñïîëüçîâàíèå modprobe äëÿ çàãðóçêè ìîäóëÿ">
><comment>(Íàïðèìåð, ìû çàãðóçèì ìîäóëü pcnet32)</comment>
># modprobe pcnet32
></pre>
>
>
>Ïðîâåðèòü îáíàðóæåíà ëè âàøà êàðòà èëè íåò ìîæíî èñïîëüçóÿ êîìàíäó <c>ifconfig</c>. 
>Åñëè ñåòåâàÿ êàðòà áûëà íîðìàëüíî îáíàðóæåíà, òî îíà âûäàñò ïðèìåðíî òàêîå ñîîáùåíèå:
>
>
><pre caption="Ïðîâåðêà ãîòîâíîñòè ñåòåâîé êàðòû">
># ifconfig eth0
>eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:FD:00:00:00:00 
> BROADCAST NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
> RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
> TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
> collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
> RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b)
></pre>
>
>
>Åñëè æå ïîÿâèòñÿ ñîîáùåíèå îá îøèáêå, òî êàðòó íå óäàëîñü îáíàðóæèòü
>
>
><pre caption="Ñîîáùåíèå îá îøèáêå">
># ifconfig eth0
>eth0: error fetching interface information: Device not found
></pre>
>
>
>Ïðåäïîëîæèì, ÷òî ñåòåâàÿ êàðòà áûëà îáíàðóæåíà. Òîãäà ìîæíî ñíîâà äàòü êîìàíäû
><c>net-setup</c> èëè <c>adsl-setup</c> (êîòîðûå òåïåðü äîëæíû ðàáîòàòü), 
>íî ìû âñå-òàêè ðàññêàæåì êàê íàñòðîèòü ñåòü âðó÷íóþ.
>
>
>
>Òóò åñòü äâå âîçìîæíîñòè. Èëè âû èñïîëüçóåòå DHCP (àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå îïðåäåëåíèå IP), èëè
>âû âðó÷íóþ íàñòðàèâàåòå ñåòü, èñïîëüçóÿ êîìàíäû <c>ifconfig</c> è <c>route</c>.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Èñïîëüçîâàíèå DHCP</title>
><body>
>
>
>DHCP (Ïîòîêîë Äèíàìè÷åñêîãî Îïðåäåëåíèÿ Õîñò Ìàøèíû) äåëàåò âîçìîæíûì
>àâòîìàòè÷åñêîå ïîëó÷åíèå èíôîðìàöèè î ñåòè (IP-àäðåñ, ìàñêó ñåòè,
>broadcast-àäðåñ, øëþç, àäðåñ ñåðâåðà èìåí è ò.ä.). Ýòî áóäåò ðàáîòàòü òîëüêî åñëè
>â âàøåé ñåòè åñòü DHCP-ñåðâåð (èëè åñëè âàø ïðîâàéäåð îáåñïå÷èâàåò âàì DHCP-ñåðâèñ).
>Åñëè ó âàñ åñòü ýòî ñåòåâîé èíòåðôåéñ, òî ïîëó÷èòü àâòîìàòè÷åñêè âñþ íóæíóþ èíôîðìàöèþ ìîæíî èñïîëüçóÿ <c>dhcpcd</c>:
>
>
><pre caption="Èñïîëüçîâàíèå dhcpcd">
># dhcpcd eth0
></pre>
>
>
>Åñëè âñå çàðàáîòàëî (ïèíãóþòñÿ èíòåðíåò-ñåðâåðû, íàïðèìåð <uri
>link="http://www.google.com">Google</uri>), òîãäà ìû âñå óñòàíîâèëè è ìîæåì ïåðåéòè ê ñëåäóþùåìó øàãó.
>Ïðîïóñòèòå îñòàâøóþñÿ ÷àñòü ýòîãî ðàçäåëà, è ïåðåéäèòå ê ðàçäåëó <uri
>link="?part=1&amp;chap=4">Ïîäãîòîâêà äèñêîâ.</uri>.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Ïîíèìàíèå ñåòåâîé òåðìèíîëîãèè</title>
><body>
>
><note>
>Åñëè âû çíàåòå ñâîé IP-àäðåñ, broadcast-àäðåñ, ìàñêó ñåòè, ñåðâåð èìåí,
>òî ìîæåòå ïåðåéòè ê ðàçäåëó <uri
>link="#doc_chap4_sect4">Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ifconfig è route</uri>.
></note>
>
>
>Åñëè æå îïÿòü âîçíèêëè ïðîáëåìû, òî ïðèäåòñÿ íàñòðàèâàòü ñåòü âðó÷íóþ.
>Íå áîéòåñü, ýòî íå î÷åíü òðóäíî. Íî â íà÷àëå ìû äàäèì ïîíÿòèÿ íåêîòîðûì îïðåäåëåíèÿì,
>êîòîðûå áóäóò âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ïðè íàñòðîéêå ñåòè. Êîãäà âû ïðî÷òåòå ýòî, âû
>áóäåòå çíàòü, ÷òî òàêîå <e>øëþç</e>,÷òî òàêîå <e>ìàñêà ñåòè</e> äëÿ ñåðâåðà,
>êàê ôîðìèðóåòñÿ <e>broadcast</e>-àäðåñ è äëÿ ÷åãî íóæåí <e>ñåðâåð èìåí</e>.
>
>
>
>Â ñåòè, õîñòû èíäåòèôèöèðóþòñÿ ïî èõ <e>IP-àäðåñó</e> (Internet
>Protocol address). Êàæäûé àäðåñ ñîñòîèò èç ÷åòûðåõ ÷èñåë
>îò 0 äî 255. Ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå, òàê ïîíÿòíî äëÿ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé. 
>Â ðåàëüíîñòè, êàæäûé IP-àäðåñ ñîñòîèò èç 32-áèò (÷èñëà îäèí èëè íîëü). 
>Íàïðèìåð:
>
>
><pre caption="Ïðèìåð IP-àäðåñà">
>IP Àäðåñ (÷èñëà): 192.168.0.2
>IP Àäðåñ (áèòû): 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000010
> -------- -------- -------- --------
> 192 168 0 2
></pre>
>
>
>Êàæäûé IP-àäðåñ ÿâëÿåòñÿ óíèêàëüíûì äëÿ õîñòà â ñåòè
>(Ò.å. âñå êîìïüþòåðû ñ êîòîðûìè âàì íàäî óñòàíîâèòü ñîåäèíåíèå äîæíû èìåòü óíèêàëüíûé IP-àäðåñ).
>×òîáû äåëàòü ðàçëè÷èÿ ìåæäó õîñòàìè â ñåòè, 
>è õîñòàìè âíå ñåòè, IP-àäðåñ äåëèòñÿ íà äâå ÷àñòè: <e>Ñåòåâàÿ</e> ÷àñòü 
>è <e>õîñò</e> ÷àñòü. 
>
>
>
><e>Ìàñêà ñåòè</e> ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ äëÿ
>ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ ãðóïïû IP-àäðåñîâ, âûäåëåííûõ îïðåäåëåííîìó ñåãìåíòó ñåòè. 
>Íàïðèìåð, ìàñêà 255.255.255.0 îáúåäèíÿåò 254 IP-àäðåñà. 
>Åñëè, ê ïðèìåðó, ó íàñ åñòü ïîäñåòü 194.196.16.0 ñ ìàñêîé 255.255.255.0, 
>òî êîìïüþòåðàì ýòîé ïîäñåòè ìîæíî ïðèñâîèòü àäðåñà â äèàïàçîíå îò 194.196.16.1 äî 194.196.16.254 
>âêëþ÷èòåëüíî.
>
>
><pre caption="Example of network/host seperation">
>IP-àäðåñ: 192 168 0 2
> 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000010
>Ìàñêà ñåòè: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
> 255 255 255 0
> +--------------------------+--------+
> Ñåòü Õîñò
></pre>
>
>
>Â äàííîì ñëó÷àå, 192.168.0.14 ìîæåò ÿâëÿòüñÿ ÷àñòüþ íàøåé ñåòè, íî
>192.168.1.2 íå ìîæåò.
>
>
>
>Àäðåñ <e>broadcast</e> ýòî IP-àäðåñ ñ òîé æå ñåòåâîé ÷àñòüþ êàê è â âàøåé ñåòè,
>íî òîëüêî ñ îäíîé õîñò-÷àñòüþ.
>
>
><pre caption="Broadcast-àäðåñ">
>IP-àäðåñ: 192 168 0 2
> 11000000 10101000 00000000 00000010
>Broadcast: 11000000 10101000 00000000 11111111
> 192 168 0 255
> +--------------------------+--------+
> Ñåòü Õîñò
></pre>
>
>
>×òîáû âû ìîãëè çàíÿòüñÿ âåá-ñåðôèíãîì â èíòåðíåòå, âàì íåîáõîäèìî çíàòü êàêîé õîñò ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò Èíòåðíåò ñîåäèíåíèå.
>Ýòîò õîñò íàçûâàåòñÿ <e>øëþçîì</e>.
>Ò.ê. ýòî ïîñòîÿííûé õîñò, îí èìååò ïîñòîÿííûé IP-àäðåñ (íàïðèìåð 192.168.0.1).
>
>
>
>Ðàíåå ìû ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî êàæäûé õîñò èìååò ñâîé IP-àäðåññ. ×òî áû
>ñîåäèíèòüñÿ ñ ýòèì õîñòîì ïî åãî èìåíè (âìåñòî IP-àäðåñà), íóæåí ñïåöèàëüíûé 
>ñåðâèñ êîòîðûé ïåðåâåäåò èìÿ õîñòà (íàïðèìåð <e>dev.gentoo.org</e>) â åãî IP-àäðåñ 
>(íàïðèìåð <e>64.5.62.82</e>). Òàêîé ñåðâèñ íàçûâàåòñÿ ñåðâåðîì èìåí.
>×òî áû èñïîëüçîâàòü òàêîé ñåðâèñ, âàì íåîáõîäèìî îïðåäåëèòü <e>ñåðâåð èìåí</e> â <path>/etc/resolv.conf</path>.
>
>
>
>Â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ, âàø øëþç ñëóæèò êàê ñåðâåð èìåí. Åñäè ýòî íå òàê, òî âàì íåîáõîäèìî áóäåò çàäàòü ñåðâåð èìåí,
>êîòîðûé âàì ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò âàø ïðîâàéäåð (ISP). 
>
>
>
>Ïîäâåäåì èòîãè. Äëÿ ïðîäîëæåíèÿ ðàáîòû âàì íóæíà áóäåò ñëåäóþùàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ:
>
>
><table>
><tr>
> <th>Ïîíÿòèå</th>
> <th>Ïðèìåð</th>
></tr>
><tr>
> <ti>Âàø IP-àäðåñ</ti>
> <ti>192.168.0.2</ti>
></tr>
><tr>
> <ti>Ìàñêà ñåòè</ti>
> <ti>255.255.255.0</ti>
></tr>
><tr>
> <ti>Broadcast</ti>
> <ti>192.168.0.255</ti>
></tr>
><tr>
> <ti>Øëþç</ti>
> <ti>192.168.0.1</ti>
></tr>
><tr>
> <ti>Ñåðâåð(û) èìåí</ti>
> <ti>195.130.130.5, 195.130.130.133</ti>
></tr>
></table>
>
></body>
></subsection>
><subsection>
><title>Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ifconfig è route</title>
><body>
>
>
>Ïðîöåñ óñòàíîâêè ñåòè ñîñòîèò èç òðåõ øàãîâ. Ñíà÷àëà ìû íàçíà÷èì
>IP-àäðåñ èñïîëüçóÿ <c>ifconfig</c>. Çàòåì ìû óñòàíîâèì ìàðøðóòèçàöèþ ê øëþçó 
>èñïîëüçóÿ <c>route</c>. È íàêîíåö ïîìåñòèì IP ñåðâåðà èìåí â <path>/etc/resolv.conf</path>.
>
>
>
>Äëÿ ïðèñâîåíèå IP-àäðåñà, âàì íóæíî çíàòü âàø IP-àäðåñ, broadcast-àäðåñ è ìàñêó ñåòè.
>Åñëè âû âñå ýòî çíàåò, òî âûïîëíèòå êîìàíäû (çàìåíèâ íóæíûå ïàðàìåòðû íà ñâîè) 
><c>${IP_ADDR}</c> íà âàø IP-àäðåñ, <c>${BROADCAST}</c> íà âàø
>broadcast-àäðåñ è <c>${NETMASK}</c> íà âàøó ìàñêó ñåòè:
>
>
><pre caption="Èñïîëüçîâàíèå ifconfig">
># ifconfig eth0 ${IP_ADDR} broadcast ${BROADCAST} netmask ${NETMASK} up
></pre>
>
>
>Òåïåðü óñòàíîâèòå ìàðøðóòèçàöèþ ïðè ïîìîùè êîìàíäû <c>route</c>. Çàìåíèòå <c>${GATEWAY}</c> íà
>íà IP-àäðåñ øëþçà:
>
>
><pre caption="Èñïîëüçîâàíèå route">
># route add default gw ${GATEWAY}
></pre>
>
>
>Òåïåðü îòêðîéòå <path>/etc/resolv.conf</path> â âàøåì ëþáèìîì ðåäàêòîðå (íàïðèìåð
>â <c>nano</c>):
>
>
><pre caption="Ñîçäàíèå /etc/resolv.conf">
># nano -w /etc/resolv.conf
></pre>
>
>
>Òåïåðü çàäàéòå âàø(è) ñåðâåð(û) èìåí, èñïîëüçóÿ ñëåäóþùèé øàáëîí.
>Çàìåíèòå <c>${NAMESERVER1}</c> è <c>${NAMESERVER2}</c> íà
>ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå àäðåñà ñåðâåðà èìåí:
>
>
><pre caption="Øàáëîí /etc/resolv.conf">
>nameserver ${NAMESERVER1}
>nameserver ${NAMESERVER2}
></pre>
>
>
>Âîò è âñå. Òåïåðü ïðîâåðüòå âàøó ñåòü ïðîïèíãîâàâ êàêîé íèáóäü Èíòåðíåò ñåðâåð (íàïðèìåð
><uri link="http://www.google.com">Google</uri>). Åñëè âñå çà ðàáîòàëî, òî ìîæåòå ïðîäîëæèòü óñòàíîâêó Gentoo.
>
>
></body>
></subsection>
></section>
></sections>

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