So, you've installed The X Server and realised that TWM just isn't going to cut it for your needs. You may have also had some experience with big desktop environments like KDE, GNOME, and Xfce. One component of those larger desktop suites is called the window manager (or WM for short). A window manager is responsible for the appearance and placement of the containers (or "windows") inside which programs run. Openbox is a minimalistic, no-frills-attached window manager.

Openbox, unlike the larger desktop environments, depends on very few libraries. For that reason, it can provide a lightweight graphic environment that runs very quickly, even on older hardware. Whether your hardware is old or new, Openbox also provides a highly customisable and unobtrusive working environment. That means that if you don't want or need a panel, taskbar, clock, or any other program, that choice is yours!

After you have emerged xorg-x11 and configured all of your xorg.conf settings, installing Openbox can be done in one simple command:

(Use emerge -av openbox to preview which packages will be installed)
# emerge openbox

Just like with other window managers and desktop environments, you will need to tell the X Server to load Openbox automatically, by adding it to your .xinitrc.

# echo "exec openbox-session" >> ~/.xinitrc

This will automatically start your Openbox session when you type startx at the terminal.

Now that you have emerged Openbox and added it to your .xinitrc, go ahead and issue the startx command to see Openbox in action. As you can see, the desktop is simply a cluttered mess! In following with the Openbox philosophy, what you will see is a barebones environment from which you can build your desktop completely to your liking.

Since you're looking at nothing more than a black screen, you may be wondering where the menu is. If you click your right mouse button, you will notice that a menu pops up in the location of your cursor. This menu is nothing more than an example to illustrate the style of an Openbox menu. Since it is just an example, none of the items in the menu will work unless you have actually emerged those programs. In the next section, you will see how to create your own menu that contains links to your programs.

Since the default Openbox menu is essentially useless to you for the reasons mentioned above, it's time that we create one that will work. Everything in the Openbox menu is written in the appropriately named menu.xml file, which can be in the user-specific location of ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml, or in the system-wide location of /etc/xdg/openbox/menu.xml. By default, the only menu.xml file that is created is the system-wide one which applies to all users on the system.

An easy way to get a basic menu file which you can modify is to use MenuMaker, which will generate a menu.xml file based on the programs which you currently have installed on your system. To do so, you must firstly emerge it:

# emerge menumaker

Once it is installed, make sure to logout of root, and back into your user account. You then instruct MenuMaker to create a menu specifically using the Openbox XML syntax:

$ mmaker -v OpenBox3

The generated menu will be located at ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml. You can then choose to leave it as your user-specific menu.xml, or to additionally copy it to the system-wide menu configuration as well:

$ mv .config/openbox/menu.xml /etc/xdg/openbox/menu.xml

When you open up the menu.xml file in your favourite editor (nano, for example), you will notice that the XML tags used are very human-readable and easily understandable. You may choose to modify the default file to fit your needs, or you may want to write it from scratch (don't worry, it's really not that difficult). The basic syntax for the menu XML is as follows:

  
    /LOCATION/OF/BINARY
  


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Simply replace anything in CAPS with your information.

Alternatively, you can emerge obmenu, which is a graphical interface allowing you to create your menus without having to manually edit the menu.xml file. It is a very small application and offers a nice amount of customisation without typing any XML.

Aside from being minimalistic and lightweight, Openbox is also surprisingly customisable and flexible. As a user, you can easily change various settings related to theme, appearance, window placement, docking, and more. There are two options for configuring these settings within Openbox. You may either manually edit the ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml file, or you may want a GUI to help you quickly change settings.

If you want to manually edit the rc.xml file, you simply open up your favourite text editor and start making changes. You might want to make a backup of the original file just in case, and store it in a location like ~/.config/openbox/rc.xml.default. There are plenty of comments within the document itself that should help you with editing. Alternatively, you may want to look at the Openbox configuration guides.

If manually editing the rc.xml file doesn't sound like your cup of tea, you may want to use the GTK+ application to manage your themes and behaviours in Openbox. The application that you will use is called ObConf, and can be installed on your system just as easily as was Openbox itself.

# emerge obconf

You can then open the configurator by typing obconf in your terminal. Next, you can go and add an entry for ObConf into your menu.xml so it will show up in your Openbox menu.

As mentioned above, you don't see a whole lot when you issue the startx command for the first time after installing Openbox. In addition to customising your menus and changing the behaviour of the window manager, you will probably want to have some programs automatically start with your Openbox session. There is an easily-editable autostart.sh script that allows you to do just that. Just like with the menu.xml file, there are two different locations of the autostart.sh script--the system-wide (/etc/xdg/openbox/autostart.sh), and the user-defined (~/.config/openbox/autostart.sh).

In the default autostart.sh, you will notice a bunch of lines calling for programs like the gnome-settings-daemon, XDG, and others. These lines will generate errors upon logout if you don't have the programs installed and configured. The easiest thing to do when getting started with Openbox is to just comment out these lines by using the # symbol.

# Run XDG autostart things. By default don't run anything desktop-specific
# DESKTOP_ENV=""
# if which /usr/lib/openbox/xdg-autostart >/dev/null; then
#  /usr/lib/openbox/xdg-autostart $DESKTOP_ENV
# fi

In the above example, the comment symbol (#) was added before each line. The commenting method is preferred to just deleting the lines because you may want to add support for some of those startup items at a later time. Thus, leaving the default lines in place could ease that process.

Adding your own programs to the autostart.sh script is as easy as writing in the program name for many applications. For instance, if you have Conky (a lightweight system monitor) installed, and want it to start automatically with your Openbox session, you simply add the following line to your autostart.sh:

conky &

The ampersand (&) after the command allows that application to load up in the background. You will most likely want to load all the applications in your autostart.sh script in the background because doing so will let Openbox and other programs load without the previous one finishing.

Some things that you might take for granted in bigger desktop environments are not included by default in Openbox. One such thing is setting your desktop background. In order to place an image as your wallpaper, you will need to emerge a program like feh or nitrogen. Feh is a simple image viewer that can also set the background, and it can easily be put into the autostart script. Once you have emerged feh, you can issue the following command to set the background:

(feh has many other options instead of --bg-scale [which will scale the image
to the screen dimensions]. Consult the feh documentation.)
$ feh --bg-scale /path/to/image.jpg

Once you have set the background manually, a file called .fehbg will be created in your home directory. This file simply contains the above command that you just entered in the terminal, and is automatically updated when you issue a different background command. Now, to set your background automatically upon login, you can add the following line to your autostart.sh script:

source $HOME/.fehbg &

If you don't particularly care for the idea of having to issue a command in the terminal in order to set your background, you can alternatively use nitrogen. It will allow you to set a folder for your background images, view thumbnails of those images, and fit, stretch, or tile them to your desktop.

Installing nitrogen and getting it into your Openbox menu requires a few more steps than are readily apparent. Firstly, and most obviously, you need to emerge nitrogen. Due to this library dependency bug, you will also need to emerge librsvg to avoid a runtime termination error. Secondly, you need to run nitrogen with your backgrounds folder appended:

nitrogen /path/to/your/backgrounds/folder

Thirdly, you can set your background image, but it will not be there after you logout. Just as with feh, you need to restore your background by editing your autostart.sh script to have the following line:

nitrogen --restore &

This will cause nitrogen to load automatically when you start your Openbox session, and that can lead to a slightly slower load time than using feh.

The following is a list of some programs which you might want to use within your Openbox environment. While the list contains numerous terminal emulators, file managers, panels, and more, it should by no means be considered exhaustive. If none of the programs listed fit your needs, please check the appropriate categories in Portage for more options.

• EvilVTE is an extremely lightweight terminal emulator based on (you guessed it) VTE. It supports tabs, multiple encodings, as well as an easy and extensible configuration file.
• LXterminal is the default terminal emulator for LXDE. It is very lightweight, and based on VTE. While EvilVTE offers many more customisation options (including transparency), LXterminal has a graphic interface for some of the more common options (font, colours, et cetera).
• Mrxvt is a multi-tabbed rxvt clone with XFT, transparent background and CJK support. It also features session support for each tab.
• Aterm supports transparency and backwards compatibility with rxvt. It was originally designed for the AfterStep window manager, but easily integrates with other environments.
• Eterm is a terminal based on vt102 and designed to be a more feature-rich replacement for xterm.
• Rxvt-unicode is a clone of rxvt that supports Unicode, daemons, embedded perl, and multiple fonts simultaneously.
• Terminal is the VTE-based default for the Xfce desktop environment. It is a little on the bloated side for use with Openbox, as it pulls in many libraries for Xfce.

• PCManFM is the lightweight filemanager from LXDE. It supports tabbed browsing, drag and drop, thumnails for images, bookmarks, volume management, searching, and more. It also provides supports for managing the desktop background and drawing desktop icons (both optionally).
• Thunar is the standard file manager from Xfce. It features a bulk renamer, user-customisable actions, and an extension framework. Since it depends on many Xfce libraries, it isn't as lightweight as PCManFM, but it's still slimmed down by comparison to other file managers like Nautilus (from GNOME), and Konqueror (from KDE).
• Nautilus is the powerful file manager from the GNOME desktop environment. It features volume management, thumbnails for images, searching, and some system configuration. As it depends on many of the GNOME libraries for proper function, it can seem a heavy compared to some of the other file managers.
• Gentoo (no relation to this glorious Linux distribution) is a two-pane style file manager based on GTK+ 1.x. It is incredibly lightweight, but lacks a majority of the features now prominent in modern file managers. It should definitely be considered for older hardware, or if you are wanting a barebones setup.
• emelFM2 is another file manager in the vein of Midnight Commander. It features a three-pane window, and is requires GTK+ 2.6.x or higher. As with the Gentoo file manager (listed above), it is barebones and does not include many features prevalent in newer file managers.

• Though PCManFM is mainly a file manager, it also gives you the option to manage the desktop background (instead of using feh or nitrogen) and draw desktop icons. It should be noted that with the current release (0.5), it is not readily possible to get rid of the default "My Documents" icon on the desktop.
• iDesk is a simple program used to draw desktop icons. It supports shadowed and anti-aliased fonts, PNG images, "snap-to-grid" placement, and changing the desktop background.

• Tint2 is a simple panel and taskbar specifically made for Openbox3 (based on the ttm code). It supports colour/transparency, a clock, and drag and drop between virtual desktops. Currently, it is not available in the official Portage tree, but is available in overlays.
• PyPanel is an easily customised panel written in Python and C. It features transparency, shading, tinting, location and layout configuration, font type, autohiding, application launcher, clock, and more.
• LXPanel is the default panel and taskbar from LXDE. It features a launcher, menu, clock, and a GUI-based configurator. It is feature-rich while depending on very few packages, making it a good choice for a lean system.
• Xfce4-panel is the default panel from the Xfce desktop environment. It supports application launchers, detachable menus, a pager, tasklist, clock, and more. It does, however, require a few of the Xfce libraries which are not dependencies of some other panels.

• NetWMpager is an EWMH-compliant pager that integrates nicely into any of the *box environments. It is not as obtrusive, and is much more readily customisable than many of the other available pagers.
• BBpager is a desktop pager that was originally written for BlackBox, but works nicely with Openbox as well. It does have some BlackBox dependencies though.
• Docker is the system tray that is made especially for Openbox. It has no extra dependencies, and gives you the ability to view and use tray icons for supported GTK and QT-based applications.
• Trayer is a system tray that was modified from the FBpanel code, and is often used with FVWM. One of its perks is that it supports transparency.

• LXsession-Lite is the stripped down session manager from LXDE. It is designed to remember applications that the user was running at the last logout, and to automatically restart those programs. It also supports the HAL daemon.
• XFCE4-session is the session manager from, you guessed it, XFCE. It is capable of saving several sessions, and provides methods for logging out, rebooting, and suspending your computer. It does, however, have many XFCE and other library dependencies.

• ObConf is a GUI application allowing you to customise the Openbox window manager without manually editing .config/openbox/rc.conf.
• LXappearance is a GTK theme and icon configurator used with LXDE. It provides a nice graphical interface for setting the theme and icons, while depending on very few extra libraries.
• GTK-ChTheme is a simple application allowing for easier switching of GTK themes. Currently, it does not allow for the switching of icon themes.

• Conky is a lightweight system monitor that can natively display over 250 objects, including date and time, CPU usage, memory usage, IMAP/POP3 email, top processes, and even info from your music player. It is highly customisable both in appearance and data display.
• Leafpad is the default text editor from LXDE. It is very lightweight, but includes features like codeset options, and the ability to undo/redo without limits.
• feh is a simple image viewer that runs from the terminal, but it also has many other features. It can display a slideshow of images, create an index print, dynamically zoom, and set the desktop background (detailed instructions above).
• GPicView is a GUI-based image viewer. Though it has more dependencies than feh, it is incredibly quick to load and run. This is the default image viewer from LXDE.
• SLiM is the Simple Login Manager, which allows you to login to your Openbox session via a graphical interface instead of the terminal. It has very few dependencies, and supports many external themes, but should not be used on machines that require remote logins.

If installing each component of a working environment sounds like a little too much customisation, but you still want the flexibility of Openbox, you may want to look into a desktop environment that uses Openbox as its default window manager. That environment is LXDE, the Lightweight X Desktop Environment. Designed to require even less system resources than Xfce, it is built around Openbox and some of the packages mentioned above (like PCManFM and LXpanel).

If you already have a GNOME environment installed, you may just want to replace the Metacity window manager with Openbox. Fortunately, this is quite a simple task! You will need to fire up your favourite editor, open your ~/.xinitrc file, and put the following command inside it:

exec openbox-gnome-session

If you use GDM or another graphic login manager, you will see a new "GNOME/Openbox" option in your session menu. You can simply select that option instead of manually editing your ~/.xinitrc.

Say you have KDE installed and like it, but you want more flexibility with your window management than KWin offers. You can use Openbox as your window manager inside of KDE by simply editing your ~/.xinitrc file, and replacing your current exec command with the following:

exec openbox-kde-session

Now when you issue startx you will see KDE, but instead of KWin, you will have the customisability of the Openbox window manager.

If you use KDM or another graphic login manager, you will see a new "KDE/Openbox" option in your session menu. You can simply select that option instead of manually editing your ~/.xinitrc.

If you use Xfce4 and would like to replace xfwm4 with Openbox, you will need to go about it a little differently than with KDE or GNOME. Firstly, you need to start your normal Xfce session, and open up a terminal. From the terminal, issue the following command:

$ killall xfwm4 ; openbox & exit

Secondly, you need to exit out of your Xfce session, and make sure to tick the checkbox that says "Save session for future login." This will keep Openbox as your default window manager. Thirdly, you will notice that you can't logout properly when using the default menu action. To fix this problem, open up your menu.xml, and locate this line:

  
    xfce4-session-logout
  

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While this document will easily take you through the inital installation and customisation of Openbox, it is by no means the only reference on the topic. There are several other resources that will aid you in creating your perfect Openbox setup. Some of them are listed below:

• On The Official Openbox website you will find more detailed information regarding theming, creating menus (including pipe menus), autostart scripting, and much more. This site also has information regarding new releases, upgrades, and instructions on how you can contribute to development.
• The Urukrama's Guide to Openbox blog contains a plethora of information about switching GTK+ themes, setting up keybindings, desktop effects, and other programs to use in conjunction with Openbox. Though the tutorial was originally written for use with Ubuntu, everything should be applicable to Gentoo (and other Linux distributions for that matter).
• Box-Look provides numerous themes, icons, wallpapers, fonts, and tools to be used with Openbox (as well as the other *box window managers like Fluxbox, Blackbox, PekWM, etc.)